Add support for external method tables (JuliaLang/julia#39697)

This PR implements a way to keep tables of methods that are
not part of the internal method table, but still participate
in the special support we have for keeping tables of methods,
in particular unification through precompilation and efficient
lookup. The intended design use case is to allow for method overlay
tables for various non-CPU backends (e.g. GPU and TPU). These
backends would like to modify basic function like `sin` to
perform better on the device in question (or in the case of TPU
to define them over non-LLVM intrinsics).

It is worth noting that this PR only gives the ability to keep
these tables of methods. It assigns no particular meaning to them
and the runtime (and regular inference) do not look at them.
They are designed as an implementation detail for external
compilers and similar tools.

 # Demo

```julia
julia> using Base.Experimental: @overlay, @MethodTable

julia> @MethodTable(mt)
 # 0 methods:

julia> @overlay mt function sin(x::Float64)
           1
       end

julia> @overlay mt function cos(x::Float64)
           1
       end

julia> mt
 # 2 methods:
[1] cos(x::Float64) in Main at REPL[5]:1
[2] sin(x::Float64) in Main at REPL[4]:1

julia> Base._methods_by_ftype(Tuple{typeof(sin), Float64}, mt, 1, typemax(UInt))
1-element Vector{Any}:
 Core.MethodMatch(Tuple{typeof(sin), Float64}, svec(), sin(x::Float64) in Main at REPL[4]:1, true)

julia> Base._methods_by_ftype(Tuple{typeof(sin), Float64}, 1, typemax(UInt))
1-element Vector{Any}:
 Core.MethodMatch(Tuple{typeof(sin), Float64}, svec(Float64), sin(x::T) where T<:Union{Float32, Float64} in Base.Math at special/trig.jl:29, true)
```

Co-authored-by: Tim Besard <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Julian P Samaroo <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Keno Fischer <[email protected]>

Author: 4 people

src/Test.jl

@@ -1607,7 +1607,7 @@ function detect_ambiguities(mods::Module...;
         for m in Base.MethodList(mt)
             is_in_mods(m.module, recursive, mods) || continue
             ambig = Int32[0]
-            ms = Base._methods_by_ftype(m.sig, -1, typemax(UInt), true, UInt[typemin(UInt)], UInt[typemax(UInt)], ambig)
+            ms = Base._methods_by_ftype(m.sig, nothing, -1, typemax(UInt), true, UInt[typemin(UInt)], UInt[typemax(UInt)], ambig)
             ambig[1] == 0 && continue
             isa(ms, Bool) && continue
             for match2 in ms