diff --git a/tests/v3.1/fail/no_containers.yaml b/tests/v3.1/fail/no_containers.yaml
index 6cc86aae92..c158bcb2b6 100644
--- a/tests/v3.1/fail/no_containers.yaml
+++ b/tests/v3.1/fail/no_containers.yaml
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-iopenapi: 3.1.0
+openapi: 3.1.0
+
+# this example should fail as there are no paths, components or webhooks containers (at least one of which must be present)
+
 info:
   title: API
   version: 1.0.0
diff --git a/tests/v3.1/fail/server_enum_empty.yaml b/tests/v3.1/fail/server_enum_empty.yaml
index 62d751e171..cd6d30eb3e 100644
--- a/tests/v3.1/fail/server_enum_empty.yaml
+++ b/tests/v3.1/fail/server_enum_empty.yaml
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 openapi: 3.1.0
+
+# this example should fail as the server variable enum is empty, and so does not contain the default value
+
 info:
   title: API
   version: 1.0.0
diff --git a/tests/v3.1/fail/servers.yaml b/tests/v3.1/fail/servers.yaml
index 7aaa05c0af..1470fe1ec8 100644
--- a/tests/v3.1/fail/servers.yaml
+++ b/tests/v3.1/fail/servers.yaml
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 openapi: 3.1.0
+
+# this example should fail, as servers must be an array, not an object
+
 info:
   title: API
   version: 1.0.0
diff --git a/tests/v3.1/fail/unknown_container.yaml b/tests/v3.1/fail/unknown_container.yaml
index e0565f4a5a..7f31e86053 100644
--- a/tests/v3.1/fail/unknown_container.yaml
+++ b/tests/v3.1/fail/unknown_container.yaml
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 openapi: 3.1.0
+
+# this example should fail as overlays is not a valid top-level object/keyword
+
 info:
   title: API
   version: 1.0.0