[JS] Add ability to run tests in headless browsers

[asfimport]

Now that we have a compatibility check that modifies behavior based on the features in a supported browser, we should really be running our tests in various browsers to exercise the various cases.

For example right now we don't actually run tests on the non-BigNum code.

Reporter: Brian Hulette / @TheNeuralBit

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-5740. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}