Support Metadata API limit param in storage layer

[harry671003]

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.
The metadata APIs like /api/v1/series, /api/v1/labels, /api/v1/label/<name>/values often timeout when queried with a lot of data.
Recently Prometheus introduced a new limit param in the above APIs for limiting the amount of data returned. This change was implemented in:

• web/api add limit param prometheus/prometheus#13396
• storage: pass limit param as hint in querier prometheus/prometheus#14109

The #14109 allows storage implementations to know that the label names or label values request has a limit applied.
However, we currently don't make use of this information, so ingesters and store-gateways may do a bunch of work retrieving values that will then be thrown away in the querier.

Describe the solution you'd like
Cortex ingesters and store-gateways should truncate the results and return only up to the limit number of results

Describe alternatives you've considered
N/A

Additional context
prometheus/prometheus#12795 has more context about this problem.