[BUG] cython does not compile with current cpython main

[tacaswell]

Describe the bug
A clear and concise description of what the bug is.

python/cpython#25729 / https://bugs.python.org/issue40222 changed the signature of PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs which results in

    gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -fPIC -I/home/tcaswell/.virtualenvs/bleeding/include -I/home/tcaswell/.pybuild/bleeding/include/python3.11 -c /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.11/tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.o
    /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c: In function ‘__Pyx_InitCachedConstants’:
    /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c:429:11: error: too few arguments to function ‘PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs’
      429 |           PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs(a, p, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)
          |           ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c:8314:33: note: in expansion of macro ‘__Pyx_PyCode_New’
     8314 |   __pyx_codeobj__7 = (PyObject*)__Pyx_PyCode_New(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, CO_OPTIMIZED|CO_NEWLOCALS, __pyx_empty_bytes, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_tuple__6, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_kp_s_Cython_Plex_Scanners_py, __pyx_n_s_read, 110, __pyx_empty_bytes); if (unlikely(!__pyx_codeobj__7)) __PYX_ERR(0, 110, __pyx_L1_error)
          |                                 ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    In file included from /home/tcaswell/.pybuild/bleeding/include/python3.11/code.h:13,
                     from /home/tcaswell/.pybuild/bleeding/include/python3.11/Python.h:107,
                     from /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c:31:
    /home/tcaswell/.pybuild/bleeding/include/python3.11/cpython/code.h:123:28: note: declared here
      123 | PyAPI_FUNC(PyCodeObject *) PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs(
          |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c:429:11: error: too few arguments to function ‘PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs’
      429 |           PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs(a, p, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)
          |           ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c:8326:33: note: in expansion of macro ‘__Pyx_PyCode_New’
     8326 |   __pyx_codeobj__9 = (PyObject*)__Pyx_PyCode_New(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, CO_OPTIMIZED|CO_NEWLOCALS, __pyx_empty_bytes, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_tuple__8, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_kp_s_Cython_Plex_Scanners_py, __pyx_n_s_position, 297, __pyx_empty_bytes); if (unlikely(!__pyx_codeobj__9)) __PYX_ERR(0, 297, __pyx_L1_error)
          |                                 ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    In file included from /home/tcaswell/.pybuild/bleeding/include/python3.11/code.h:13,
                     from /home/tcaswell/.pybuild/bleeding/include/python3.11/Python.h:107,
                     from /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c:31:
    /home/tcaswell/.pybuild/bleeding/include/python3.11/cpython/code.h:123:28: note: declared here
      123 | PyAPI_FUNC(PyCodeObject *) PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs(
          |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c:429:11: error: too few arguments to function ‘PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs’
      429 |           PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs(a, p, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)
          |           ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c:8338:34: note: in expansion of macro ‘__Pyx_PyCode_New’
     8338 |   __pyx_codeobj__11 = (PyObject*)__Pyx_PyCode_New(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, CO_OPTIMIZED|CO_NEWLOCALS, __pyx_empty_bytes, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_tuple__10, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_kp_s_Cython_Plex_Scanners_py, __pyx_n_s_get_position, 308, __pyx_empty_bytes); if (unlikely(!__pyx_codeobj__11)) __PYX_ERR(0, 308, __pyx_L1_error)
          |                                  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    In file included from /home/tcaswell/.pybuild/bleeding/include/python3.11/code.h:13,
                     from /home/tcaswell/.pybuild/bleeding/include/python3.11/Python.h:107,
                     from /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c:31:
    /home/tcaswell/.pybuild/bleeding/include/python3.11/cpython/code.h:123:28: note: declared here
      123 | PyAPI_FUNC(PyCodeObject *) PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs(
          |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c:429:11: error: too few arguments to function ‘PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs’
      429 |           PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs(a, p, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)
          |           ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c:8350:34: note: in expansion of macro ‘__Pyx_PyCode_New’
     8350 |   __pyx_codeobj__13 = (PyObject*)__Pyx_PyCode_New(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, CO_OPTIMIZED|CO_NEWLOCALS, __pyx_empty_bytes, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_tuple__12, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_kp_s_Cython_Plex_Scanners_py, __pyx_n_s_eof, 335, __pyx_empty_bytes); if (unlikely(!__pyx_codeobj__13)) __PYX_ERR(0, 335, __pyx_L1_error)
          |                                  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    In file included from /home/tcaswell/.pybuild/bleeding/include/python3.11/code.h:13,
                     from /home/tcaswell/.pybuild/bleeding/include/python3.11/Python.h:107,
                     from /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c:31:
    /home/tcaswell/.pybuild/bleeding/include/python3.11/cpython/code.h:123:28: note: declared here
      123 | PyAPI_FUNC(PyCodeObject *) PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs(
          |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c: In function ‘__Pyx_CreateCodeObjectForTraceback’:
    /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c:429:11: error: too few arguments to function ‘PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs’
      429 |           PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs(a, p, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)
          |           ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c:12057:15: note: in expansion of macro ‘__Pyx_PyCode_New’
    12057 |     py_code = __Pyx_PyCode_New(
          |               ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    In file included from /home/tcaswell/.pybuild/bleeding/include/python3.11/code.h:13,
                     from /home/tcaswell/.pybuild/bleeding/include/python3.11/Python.h:107,
                     from /tmp/pip-req-build-cit9u2ev/Cython/Plex/Scanners.c:31:
    /home/tcaswell/.pybuild/bleeding/include/python3.11/cpython/code.h:123:28: note: declared here
      123 | PyAPI_FUNC(PyCodeObject *) PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs(
          |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    error: command '/lib/ccache/bin/gcc' failed with exit code 1
    Running setup.py install for Cython ... error

To Reproduce

Attempt to compile cython with main branch of cpython (8940916)

Expected behavior
A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.

Environment (please complete the following information):

• OS: [e.g. Linux, Windows, macOS]
• Python version [e.g. 3.8.4]
• Cython version [e.g. 0.29.18]

Additional context

Add any other context about the problem here.

@scoder is already aware of this: https://bugs.python.org/issue40222#msg393470

Sorry if this is just noise.

[scoder]

As long as it's not clear if this change will stay in CPython or not, the best we can do is sit and wait.
Also note that this is a change in CPython 3.11, which will only see its first alpha release in about half a year's time.

[hroncok]

CPython 3.11.0a1 is out and this behavior still exists both with the stable released Cython version and with Cython from the master branch here.