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+import { Link } from 'gatsby'
+import Layout from '../components/layout'
+import SEO from '../components/seo'
+
+
+
+Reference guide to implement custom GraphQL Scalars
+
+This is a reference which aims to be as complete as possible and which will be updated over time.
+For an introduction see: [GraphQL Scalars in-depth](https://www.graphql.de/blog/scalars-in-depth/)
+
+```toc
+# This code block gets replaced with the TOC
+```
+
+# Preamble: Naming is hard
+
+The [GraphQL specification](https://spec.graphql.org/) currently only refers to "Result Coercion" and
+"Input Coercion".
+
+In order to be more clear and precise this guide refers "Literal Coercion" and "Value Coercion"
+which are both two different "Input Coercion" in the spec terminology.
+
+"Input" here means always the input of the Coercion functions (the argument of the functions) and not a
+specific Coercion function. The specific functions are always named "Result Coercion", "Literal Coercion"
+or "Value Coercion"
+
+# Coercion functions
+
+The fundamental job of a Scalar is to give type safety about the values which are returned or which can be used as input.
+
+This type safety is implemented through three functions per Scalar. Each function is invoked at a specific time by the GraphQL engine.
+They all validate and convert a provided value. This conversion is called "Coercion" in GraphQL.
+
+Overview of the coercion functions:
+
+
+
+
+Every function has an input and produces an output:
+
+
+| Function | Input | Output
+| ------------- |-------------|------
+| Result Coercion | The result of a resolver. | A leaf of the overall execution result.
+| Literal Coercion | An abstract syntax tree (Ast) Literal | Is provided to an resolver as argument.
+| Value Coercion | A value which is provided as a variable value. | Is provided to an resolver as argument.
+
+
+## Result Coercion
+
+Result Coercion takes the result of a resolver and converts it into an appropriate value for the result.
+
+This result value is NOT the serialized value. Serialization is an extra step.
+
+## Literal Coercion
+
+Literal Coercion takes an abstract syntax tree (Ast) element from a schema definition or query and converts it into an appropriate
+argument value for a resolver.
+
+Literal values can be arbitrary Ast elements: Strings, Ints, Enum names or Input Objects.
+
+There are no restrictions beside syntax. For example am Ast element can be `1234568901234567890` which
+is actually not a valid Integer (it is to big) but it is a valid Ast element.
+
+Ast elements can even be complex input objects like `{foo: "String", bar: 1234}`.
+
+## Value Coercion
+
+Value Coercion takes a runtime values (which come from variables) and convert it into an appropriate value for a resolver.
+
+Variables are provided along with the actual query to the engine for execution. These values are often deserialized from JSON before
+provided to the engine.
+
+# Serialization
+
+Serialization is the process of taking some in-memory values and converting them into an appropriate format for
+sending over a network or storing somewhere. Deserialization is the opposite: taking some format which comes from a network request
+and constructing an in-memory value from it.
+
+A typical GraphQL request against a GraphQL service accepts JSON as serialization format and produces JSON:
+
+
+
+A GraphQL request in JSON consists of:
+
+```JSON
+{
+ "query": "..."
+ "operationName": "..."
+ "variables": {...}
+}
+```
+This JSON is then deserialized into an in-memory representation. The details how this in-memory structure
+looks depend very much on the language you using.
+
+This values are then used to passed into the GraphQL engine to execute the request.
+
+The result of the overall execution is an in-memory execution result which is then serialized to JSON:
+
+```JSON
+{
+ "data": {...}
+ "errors": [...]
+}
+```
+
+## Result Coercion: Serialize or not
+
+(De)Serialization does not need to be complicated, but can be rather trivial for
+primitive types like string or boolean.
+
+For Result Coercion this leaves the option of implementing the serialization into the function directly
+or returning a more complex value which then will be serialized later.
+
+For example for a `Date` scalar in JS the Result Coercion could
+return a `Date` value or directly a formatted string.
+
+Both solutions are viable with certain tradeoffs:
+
+If the Result Coercion already returns a serialized value the Scalar is easier to
+use and the result is more predictable.
+
+On the other hand the serialization is less configurable and the Scalar
+might not be useable for non JSON serialization use cases.
+
+It might be worth to offer both solution and let the user of the Scalar decide.
+
+
+# Implementation guidelines
+
+## Observable or not
+
+Not every aspect of every coercion function is observable by a GraphQL consumer.
+
+The input of Result Coercion and the outputs of Literal and Value Coercion are implementation details
+of the GraphQL engine.
+
+But the input of Literal and Value Coercion and the output of Result Coercion are observable, meaning
+any change to it are affecting GraphQL consumers and can break the API contract.
+
+| Function | Input observable? | Output observable?
+| ------------- |-------------|--
+| Result Coercion | No | Yes (after serialziation)
+| Literal Coercion | Yes | No
+| Value Coercion | Yes (after deserialization) | No
+
+For custom Scalar specifications this means it is especially important to specify
+
+- Result Coercion Output
+- Literal Coercion Input
+- Value Coercion Input
+
+while the other inputs and outputs are left to the implementation and only some general recommendations
+can be provided.
+
+
+
+
+## Flexible Input
+
+The input of each coercion function should be flexible to make the usage of the Scalar as convenient
+as possible.
+
+There is a fine line between being flexible and too flexible which might lead to unexpected behavior.
+
+Unexpected behavior happens when a Scalar accepts an input and converts it to an value in an surprising way.
+
+For example a `Long` Scalar accepting a String like `"1234Foo"` and converting it to `1234` is
+probably not a good idea.
+
+On the other hand GraphQL.js accepts any `number` as input for the built-in `Boolean` Scalar and converts every non
+zero value to `true`. This might be ok for JavaScript while other languages can choose to be more strict.
+
+## Literal and Value Coercion should be consistent
+
+Because Literal and Value Coercion outputs are both provided to resolvers as arguments they
+should produce the same values for the same logical values.
+
+## Document JSON serialization
+
+JSON is by far the most important Serialization format for GraphQL. Every custom Scalar should
+clearly document how it is suppose to be (de)serialized from/to JSON.
+
+# Language specific guides
+
+General hint:
+The concepts presented above are valid for all GraphQL implementations,
+but the details might differ. Especially the naming of the coercion function is not consistent
+across eco systems.
+
+## JavaScript
+
+https://www.graphql.de/blog/scalars-in-depth/
+
+https://www.apollographql.com/docs/graphql-tools/scalars/
+
+
+## Ruby
+https://www.abhaynikam.me/posts/custom-scalar-in-graphql-ruby/
+
+
+## Python
+
+https://docs.graphene-python.org/en/latest/types/scalars/#custom-scalars
+
+## .NET
+
+https://hotchocolate.io/docs/0.5.2/custom-scalar-types (Hot chocolate)
+
+Please raise a [Pull Request](https://github.com/andimarek/graphql-scalars.com/) to add
+links to more language specific guides.
+
+
+
+