feat: allow template specialization

The syntax is `specialize<specialization_arguments>`
after the optional template parameter list.

Some examples from the tests:
```Cpp2
std: namespace = {
    common_type: @struct @print specialize<outer, outer> type = {
        type: type == outer;
    }
}
v: <T> const i32 = 1;
v: <> specialize<void> const i32 = 2;
v: specialize<i64> const i32 = 3;
v: <T> specialize<* T> std::optional<int> == 6;
```

Author: JohelEGP

regression-tests/pure2-print.cpp2

@@ -99,6 +99,15 @@ outer: @print type = {
 
 }
 
+std: namespace = {
+    common_type: @struct @print specialize<outer, outer> type = {
+        type: type == outer;
+    }
+    numbers: namespace = {
+        pi_v: /*@print*/ specialize<outer> const double = pi_v<double>;
+    }
+}
+
 main: () = {
     outer::test();
 }

regression-tests/pure2-template-specialization.cpp2

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+t: @struct <T> type = {
+  a: i32 = 1;
+}
+t: @struct <T> specialize<T> type requires std::is_void_v<T> = {
+  b: i32 = 2;
+}
+t: @struct specialize<i64> type = {
+  c: i32 = 3;
+}
+t: @struct specialize<* i8> type = {
+  f: () 17;
+  v: int == 29;
+}
+t: @struct <T> specialize<* T> type = {
+  v: int == 17;
+  f: () 29;
+}
+v: <T> const i32 = 1;
+v: <> specialize<void> const i32 = 2;
+v: specialize<i64> const i32 = 3;
+v: specialize<i16> std::optional<i32> == 4;
+v: <> specialize<i8> std::optional<i8> == 5;
+v: <T> specialize<* T> std::optional<int> == 6;
+main: ()   = {
+  assert(t<i32>().a == 1);
+  assert(t<void>().b == 2);
+  assert(t<i64>().c == 3);
+  assert(t<* i8>::f() == 17);
+  assert(t<* i8>::v == 29);
+  assert(t<* i16>::v == 17);
+  assert(t<* i16>::f() == 29);
+  assert(v<i32> == 1);
+  assert(v<void> == 2);
+  assert(v<i64> == 3);
+  static_assert(v<i16> == 4);
+  static_assert(v<i8> == 5);
+  static_assert(v<* int> == 6);
+}

regression-tests/test-results/gcc-13/pure2-template-specialization.cpp.execution

@@ -11,6 +11,15 @@
 #line 4 "pure2-print.cpp2"
 class outer;
 
+#line 102 "pure2-print.cpp2"
+namespace std {
+
+#line 106 "pure2-print.cpp2"
+    namespace numbers {
+
+    }
+}
+
 
 //=== Cpp2 type definitions and function declarations ===========================
 
@@ -76,6 +85,15 @@ CPP2_REQUIRES_ (cpp2::cmp_greater_eq(sizeof(Args)...,0)) ;
 #line 100 "pure2-print.cpp2"
 };
 
+namespace std {
+    template<> class common_type<outer,outer> {
+        public: using type = outer;
+    };
+    namespace numbers {
+              /*@print*/
+    }
+}
+
 auto main() -> int;
 
 //=== Cpp2 function definitions =================================================
@@ -186,6 +204,14 @@ requires (cpp2::cmp_greater_eq(sizeof(Args)...,0)) {
         return (... && args);  }
 
 #line 102 "pure2-print.cpp2"
+namespace std {
+
+#line 106 "pure2-print.cpp2"
+    namespace numbers {
+        template<> double const pi_v<outer> {pi_v<double>}; 
+    }
+}
+
 auto main() -> int{
     outer::test();
 }

regression-tests/test-results/gcc-13/pure2-template-specialization.cpp.output

@@ -146,5 +146,11 @@ outer: type =
 
     all: <Args...: type>(in args...: Args) -> move bool = (... && args);
 }
+
+
+common_type: specialize<outer, outer> type = 
+{
+    public type: type == outer;
+}
  ok (all Cpp2, passes safety checks)
 

regression-tests/test-results/pure2-print.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+
+#define CPP2_IMPORT_STD          Yes
+
+//=== Cpp2 type declarations ====================================================
+
+
+#include "cpp2util.h"
+
+template<typename T> class t;
+  
+
+//=== Cpp2 type definitions and function declarations ===========================
+
+template<typename T> class t {
+  public: cpp2::i32 a {1}; 
+};
+template<typename T> requires( std::is_void_v<T> )
+  class t<T> {public: cpp2::i32 b {2}; 
+};
+template<> class t<cpp2::i64> {
+  public: cpp2::i32 c {3}; 
+};
+template<> class t<cpp2::i8*> {
+  public: [[nodiscard]] static auto f() -> auto;
+  public: static const int v;
+};
+template<typename T> class t<T*> {
+  public: static const int v;
+  public: [[nodiscard]] static auto f() -> auto;
+};
+template<typename T> extern cpp2::i32 const v;
+
+#line 21 "pure2-template-specialization.cpp2"
+template<> std::optional<cpp2::i32> inline constexpr v<cpp2::i16> = 4;
+template<> std::optional<cpp2::i8> inline constexpr v<cpp2::i8> = 5;
+template<typename T> std::optional<int> inline constexpr v<T*> = 6;
+auto main() -> int;
+  
+
+//=== Cpp2 function definitions =================================================
+
+
+#line 11 "pure2-template-specialization.cpp2"
+  [[nodiscard]] auto t<cpp2::i8*>::f() -> auto { return 17;  }
+  inline CPP2_CONSTEXPR int t<cpp2::i8*>::v = 29;
+
+#line 15 "pure2-template-specialization.cpp2"
+  template <typename T> inline CPP2_CONSTEXPR int t<T*>::v = 17;
+  template <typename T> [[nodiscard]] auto t<T*>::f() -> auto { return 29;  }
+
+template<typename T> cpp2::i32 const v {1}; 
+template<> cpp2::i32 const v<void> {2}; 
+template<> cpp2::i32 const v<cpp2::i64> {3}; 
+
+#line 24 "pure2-template-specialization.cpp2"
+auto main() -> int{
+  cpp2::Default.expects(t<cpp2::i32>().a == 1, "");
+  cpp2::Default.expects(t<void>().b == 2, "");
+  cpp2::Default.expects(t<cpp2::i64>().c == 3, "");
+  cpp2::Default.expects(t<cpp2::i8*>::f() == 17, "");
+  cpp2::Default.expects(t<cpp2::i8*>::v == 29, "");
+  cpp2::Default.expects(t<cpp2::i16*>::v == 17, "");
+  cpp2::Default.expects(t<cpp2::i16*>::f() == 29, "");
+  cpp2::Default.expects(v<cpp2::i32> == 1, "");
+  cpp2::Default.expects(v<void> == 2, "");
+  cpp2::Default.expects(v<cpp2::i64> == 3, "");
+  static_assert(v<cpp2::i16> == 4);
+  static_assert(v<cpp2::i8> == 5);
+  static_assert(v<int*> == 6);
+}
+

regression-tests/test-results/pure2-print.cpp2.output

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pure2-template-specialization.cpp2... ok (all Cpp2, passes safety checks)
+

regression-tests/test-results/pure2-template-specialization.cpp

@@ -2557,6 +2557,7 @@ struct declaration_node
 
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<id_expression_node>> metafunctions;
     std::unique_ptr<parameter_declaration_list_node> template_parameters;
+    std::unique_ptr<unqualified_id_node>             specialization_template_arguments;
     source_position                                  requires_pos = {};
     std::unique_ptr<logical_or_expression_node>      requires_clause_expression;
 
@@ -2841,6 +2842,8 @@ struct declaration_node
 
     auto is_function_expression () const -> bool
         { return is_function() && !identifier;  }
+    auto is_specialization() const -> bool
+        { return specialization_template_arguments != nullptr;    }
 
     auto is_polymorphic() const // has base types or virtual functions
         -> bool
@@ -4889,6 +4892,11 @@ auto pretty_print_visualize(declaration_node const& n, int indent, bool include_
         template_params += " " + pretty_print_visualize(*n.template_parameters, indent + 1, true);
     }
 
+    auto specialization_args = std::string{};
+    if (n.specialization_template_arguments) {
+        specialization_args += " " + pretty_print_visualize(*n.specialization_template_arguments, indent + 1);
+    }
+
     auto requires_clause = std::string{};
     if (n.requires_clause_expression) {
         requires_clause += " requires (" + pretty_print_visualize(*n.requires_clause_expression, indent) + ")";
@@ -4973,7 +4981,8 @@ auto pretty_print_visualize(declaration_node const& n, int indent, bool include_
         auto& type_id = std::get<declaration_node::an_object>(n.type);
         assert(type_id);
         ret += metafunctions
-            + template_params;
+            + template_params
+            + specialization_args;
         if (!n.has_wildcard_type()) {
             ret += " " + pretty_print_visualize(*type_id, indent);
         }
@@ -4985,6 +4994,7 @@ auto pretty_print_visualize(declaration_node const& n, int indent, bool include_
         assert(t);
         ret += metafunctions
             + template_params
+            + specialization_args
             + " " + pretty_print_visualize(*t)
             + initializer;
     }
@@ -5003,7 +5013,8 @@ auto pretty_print_visualize(declaration_node const& n, int indent, bool include_
             object_type_id += " " + pretty_print_visualize(*a->type_id, indent);
         }
 
-        ret += template_params;
+        ret += template_params
+            + specialization_args;
         if (a->is_type_alias()) {
             auto& t = std::get<alias_node::a_type>(a->initializer);
             ret += " type"
@@ -6305,6 +6316,7 @@ class parser
     //G
     //G template-argument-list:
     //G     template-argument-list ',' template-argument
+    //G     template-argument
     //G
     //G template-argument:
     //G     # note: < > << >> are not allowed in expressions until new ( is opened
@@ -7868,9 +7880,9 @@ class parser
     //G unnamed-declaration:
     //G     ':' meta-functions-list? template-parameter-declaration-list? function-type requires-clause? '=' statement
     //G     ':' meta-functions-list? template-parameter-declaration-list? function-type statement
-    //G     ':' meta-functions-list? template-parameter-declaration-list? type-id? requires-clause? '=' statement
+    //G     ':' meta-functions-list? template-parameter-declaration-list? template-specialization-argument-list? type-id? requires-clause? '=' statement
     //G     ':' meta-functions-list? template-parameter-declaration-list? type-id
-    //G     ':' meta-functions-list? template-parameter-declaration-list? 'final'? 'type' requires-clause? '=' statement
+    //G     ':' meta-functions-list? template-parameter-declaration-list? template-specialization-argument-list? 'final'? 'type' requires-clause? '=' statement
     //G     ':' 'namespace' '=' statement
     //G
     //G meta-functions-list:
@@ -7882,7 +7894,10 @@ class parser
     //G      'requires' logical-or-expression
     //G
     //G template-parameter-declaration-list
-    //G     '<' parameter-declaration-seq '>'
+    //G     '<' parameter-declaration-seq? '>'
+    //G
+    //G template-specialization-argument-list:
+    //G     'specialize' '<' template-argument-list '>'
     //G
     auto unnamed_declaration(
         source_position                      start,
@@ -8027,6 +8042,21 @@ class parser
             n->template_parameters = std::move(template_parameters);
         }
 
+        //  Next is an optional template specialization argument list
+        if (
+            curr() == "specialize"
+            && peek(1)
+            && peek(1)->type() == lexeme::Less
+            )
+        {
+            auto specialization_template_arguments = unqualified_id();
+            if (!specialization_template_arguments) {
+              error("invalid template specialization argument list");
+              return {};
+            }
+            n->specialization_template_arguments = std::move(specialization_template_arguments);
+        }
+
         auto guard =
             captures_allowed
             ? std::make_unique<capture_groups_stack_guard>(this, &n->captures)
@@ -8392,7 +8422,7 @@ class parser
     //G alias:
     //G     ':' template-parameter-declaration-list? 'type' requires-clause? '==' type-id ';'
     //G     ':' 'namespace' '==' id-expression ';'
-    //G     ':' template-parameter-declaration-list? type-id? requires-clause? '==' expression ';'
+    //G     ':' template-parameter-declaration-list? template-specialization-argument-list? type-id? requires-clause? '==' expression ';'
     //G
     //GT     ':' function-type '==' expression ';'
     //GT        # See commit 63efa6ed21c4d4f4f136a7a73e9f6b2c110c81d7 comment
@@ -8421,12 +8451,34 @@ class parser
             n->template_parameters = std::move(template_parameters);
         }
 
+        //  Next is an optional template specialization argument list
+        if (
+            curr() == "specialize"
+            && peek(1)
+            && peek(1)->type() == lexeme::Less
+            )
+        {
+            auto specialization_template_arguments = unqualified_id();
+            if (!specialization_template_arguments) {
+              pos = start_pos;    // backtrack
+              return {};
+            }
+            n->specialization_template_arguments = std::move(specialization_template_arguments);
+        }
+
         auto a = std::make_unique<alias_node>( &curr() );
 
         //  Next must be 'type', 'namespace', a type-id, or we're at the 'requires' or '=='
         if (curr() == "type")
         {
             next();
+            if (n->specialization_template_arguments) {
+                errors.emplace_back(
+                    curr().position(),
+                    "a type alias cannot be specialized"
+                );
+                return {};
+            }
         }
         else if (curr() == "namespace")
         {
@@ -8438,6 +8490,13 @@ class parser
                 );
                 return {};
             }
+            if (n->specialization_template_arguments) {
+                errors.emplace_back(
+                    curr().position(),
+                    "a namespace alias cannot be specialized"
+                );
+                return {};
+            }
         }
         else if (curr().type() != lexeme::EqualComparison && curr() != "requires")
         {