diff --git a/pandas/_typing.py b/pandas/_typing.py
index 8cab908d62507..e3b3a4774f558 100644
--- a/pandas/_typing.py
+++ b/pandas/_typing.py
@@ -297,6 +297,9 @@ def closed(self) -> bool:
 else:
     TakeIndexer = Any
 
+# Shared by functions such as drop and astype
+IgnoreRaise = Literal["ignore", "raise"]
+
 # Windowing rank methods
 WindowingRankType = Literal["average", "min", "max"]
 
@@ -311,7 +314,7 @@ def closed(self) -> bool:
 
 # datetime and NaTType
 DatetimeNaTType = Union[datetime, "NaTType"]
-DateTimeErrorChoices = Literal["ignore", "raise", "coerce"]
+DateTimeErrorChoices = Union[IgnoreRaise, Literal["coerce"]]
 
 # sort_index
 SortKind = Literal["quicksort", "mergesort", "heapsort", "stable"]
diff --git a/pandas/core/common.py b/pandas/core/common.py
index 62c2034505589..6c3d2c91ab012 100644
--- a/pandas/core/common.py
+++ b/pandas/core/common.py
@@ -250,7 +250,9 @@ def asarray_tuplesafe(values, dtype: NpDtype | None = None) -> np.ndarray:
     return result
 
 
-def index_labels_to_array(labels, dtype: NpDtype | None = None) -> np.ndarray:
+def index_labels_to_array(
+    labels: np.ndarray | Iterable, dtype: NpDtype | None = None
+) -> np.ndarray:
     """
     Transform label or iterable of labels to array, for use in Index.
 
diff --git a/pandas/core/dtypes/astype.py b/pandas/core/dtypes/astype.py
index daae491b09c8a..8d1427976276c 100644
--- a/pandas/core/dtypes/astype.py
+++ b/pandas/core/dtypes/astype.py
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 from pandas._typing import (
     ArrayLike,
     DtypeObj,
+    IgnoreRaise,
 )
 from pandas.errors import IntCastingNaNError
 from pandas.util._exceptions import find_stack_level
@@ -235,7 +236,7 @@ def astype_array(values: ArrayLike, dtype: DtypeObj, copy: bool = False) -> Arra
 
 
 def astype_array_safe(
-    values: ArrayLike, dtype, copy: bool = False, errors: str = "raise"
+    values: ArrayLike, dtype, copy: bool = False, errors: IgnoreRaise = "raise"
 ) -> ArrayLike:
     """
     Cast array (ndarray or ExtensionArray) to the new dtype.
diff --git a/pandas/core/frame.py b/pandas/core/frame.py
index 4d279b22a4980..0013ddf73cddc 100644
--- a/pandas/core/frame.py
+++ b/pandas/core/frame.py
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
     FloatFormatType,
     FormattersType,
     Frequency,
+    IgnoreRaise,
     IndexKeyFunc,
     IndexLabel,
     Level,
@@ -4831,17 +4832,61 @@ def reindex(self, *args, **kwargs) -> DataFrame:
         kwargs.pop("labels", None)
         return super().reindex(**kwargs)
 
-    @deprecate_nonkeyword_arguments(version=None, allowed_args=["self", "labels"])
+    @overload
+    def drop(
+        self,
+        labels: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        *,
+        axis: Axis = ...,
+        index: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        columns: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        level: Level | None = ...,
+        inplace: Literal[True],
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = ...,
+    ) -> None:
+        ...
+
+    @overload
     def drop(
         self,
-        labels=None,
+        labels: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        *,
+        axis: Axis = ...,
+        index: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        columns: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        level: Level | None = ...,
+        inplace: Literal[False] = ...,
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = ...,
+    ) -> DataFrame:
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def drop(
+        self,
+        labels: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        *,
+        axis: Axis = ...,
+        index: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        columns: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        level: Level | None = ...,
+        inplace: bool = ...,
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = ...,
+    ) -> DataFrame | None:
+        ...
+
+    # error: Signature of "drop" incompatible with supertype "NDFrame"
+    # github.com/python/mypy/issues/12387
+    @deprecate_nonkeyword_arguments(version=None, allowed_args=["self", "labels"])
+    def drop(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        labels: Hashable | list[Hashable] = None,
         axis: Axis = 0,
-        index=None,
-        columns=None,
+        index: Hashable | list[Hashable] = None,
+        columns: Hashable | list[Hashable] = None,
         level: Level | None = None,
         inplace: bool = False,
-        errors: str = "raise",
-    ):
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = "raise",
+    ) -> DataFrame | None:
         """
         Drop specified labels from rows or columns.
 
@@ -11187,7 +11232,7 @@ def where(
         inplace=False,
         axis=None,
         level=None,
-        errors="raise",
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = "raise",
         try_cast=lib.no_default,
     ):
         return super().where(cond, other, inplace, axis, level, errors, try_cast)
@@ -11202,7 +11247,7 @@ def mask(
         inplace=False,
         axis=None,
         level=None,
-        errors="raise",
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = "raise",
         try_cast=lib.no_default,
     ):
         return super().mask(cond, other, inplace, axis, level, errors, try_cast)
diff --git a/pandas/core/generic.py b/pandas/core/generic.py
index 983fb8f0edf12..8bfd9f3cd962d 100644
--- a/pandas/core/generic.py
+++ b/pandas/core/generic.py
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
     DtypeArg,
     DtypeObj,
     FilePath,
+    IgnoreRaise,
     IndexKeyFunc,
     IndexLabel,
     IntervalClosedType,
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@
 )
 from pandas.util._decorators import (
     deprecate_kwarg,
+    deprecate_nonkeyword_arguments,
     doc,
     rewrite_axis_style_signature,
 )
@@ -4270,16 +4272,59 @@ def reindex_like(
 
         return self.reindex(**d)
 
+    @overload
     def drop(
         self,
-        labels=None,
-        axis=0,
-        index=None,
-        columns=None,
-        level=None,
+        labels: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        *,
+        axis: Axis = ...,
+        index: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        columns: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        level: Level | None = ...,
+        inplace: Literal[True],
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = ...,
+    ) -> None:
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def drop(
+        self: NDFrameT,
+        labels: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        *,
+        axis: Axis = ...,
+        index: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        columns: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        level: Level | None = ...,
+        inplace: Literal[False] = ...,
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = ...,
+    ) -> NDFrameT:
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def drop(
+        self: NDFrameT,
+        labels: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        *,
+        axis: Axis = ...,
+        index: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        columns: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        level: Level | None = ...,
+        inplace: bool_t = ...,
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = ...,
+    ) -> NDFrameT | None:
+        ...
+
+    @deprecate_nonkeyword_arguments(version=None, allowed_args=["self", "labels"])
+    def drop(
+        self: NDFrameT,
+        labels: Hashable | list[Hashable] = None,
+        axis: Axis = 0,
+        index: Hashable | list[Hashable] = None,
+        columns: Hashable | list[Hashable] = None,
+        level: Level | None = None,
         inplace: bool_t = False,
-        errors: str = "raise",
-    ):
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = "raise",
+    ) -> NDFrameT | None:
 
         inplace = validate_bool_kwarg(inplace, "inplace")
 
@@ -4312,7 +4357,7 @@ def _drop_axis(
         labels,
         axis,
         level=None,
-        errors: str = "raise",
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = "raise",
         only_slice: bool_t = False,
     ) -> NDFrameT:
         """
@@ -5826,7 +5871,7 @@ def dtypes(self):
         return self._constructor_sliced(data, index=self._info_axis, dtype=np.object_)
 
     def astype(
-        self: NDFrameT, dtype, copy: bool_t = True, errors: str = "raise"
+        self: NDFrameT, dtype, copy: bool_t = True, errors: IgnoreRaise = "raise"
     ) -> NDFrameT:
         """
         Cast a pandas object to a specified dtype ``dtype``.
@@ -9139,7 +9184,7 @@ def _where(
         inplace=False,
         axis=None,
         level=None,
-        errors="raise",
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = "raise",
     ):
         """
         Equivalent to public method `where`, except that `other` is not
@@ -9278,7 +9323,7 @@ def where(
         inplace=False,
         axis=None,
         level=None,
-        errors="raise",
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = "raise",
         try_cast=lib.no_default,
     ):
         """
@@ -9431,7 +9476,7 @@ def mask(
         inplace=False,
         axis=None,
         level=None,
-        errors="raise",
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = "raise",
         try_cast=lib.no_default,
     ):
 
diff --git a/pandas/core/indexes/base.py b/pandas/core/indexes/base.py
index ab6e1c47057eb..8b9c537631d94 100644
--- a/pandas/core/indexes/base.py
+++ b/pandas/core/indexes/base.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
     Any,
     Callable,
     Hashable,
+    Iterable,
     Literal,
     Sequence,
     TypeVar,
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@
     Dtype,
     DtypeObj,
     F,
+    IgnoreRaise,
     Shape,
     npt,
 )
@@ -6810,7 +6812,11 @@ def insert(self, loc: int, item) -> Index:
         # TODO(2.0) can use Index instead of self._constructor
         return self._constructor._with_infer(new_values, name=self.name)
 
-    def drop(self, labels, errors: str_t = "raise") -> Index:
+    def drop(
+        self,
+        labels: Index | np.ndarray | Iterable[Hashable],
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = "raise",
+    ) -> Index:
         """
         Make new Index with passed list of labels deleted.
 
diff --git a/pandas/core/internals/blocks.py b/pandas/core/internals/blocks.py
index 2ff195fa8e5d2..26569b571724d 100644
--- a/pandas/core/internals/blocks.py
+++ b/pandas/core/internals/blocks.py
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
     ArrayLike,
     DtypeObj,
     F,
+    IgnoreRaise,
     Shape,
     npt,
 )
@@ -501,7 +502,9 @@ def dtype(self) -> DtypeObj:
         return self.values.dtype
 
     @final
-    def astype(self, dtype: DtypeObj, copy: bool = False, errors: str = "raise"):
+    def astype(
+        self, dtype: DtypeObj, copy: bool = False, errors: IgnoreRaise = "raise"
+    ):
         """
         Coerce to the new dtype.
 
diff --git a/pandas/core/series.py b/pandas/core/series.py
index f53c82972a602..00384ec26f71d 100644
--- a/pandas/core/series.py
+++ b/pandas/core/series.py
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
     Dtype,
     DtypeObj,
     FillnaOptions,
+    IgnoreRaise,
     IndexKeyFunc,
     Level,
     NaPosition,
@@ -4763,17 +4764,61 @@ def reindex(self, *args, **kwargs) -> Series:
             kwargs.update({"index": index})
         return super().reindex(**kwargs)
 
-    @deprecate_nonkeyword_arguments(version=None, allowed_args=["self", "labels"])
+    @overload
     def drop(
         self,
-        labels=None,
-        axis=0,
-        index=None,
-        columns=None,
-        level=None,
-        inplace=False,
-        errors="raise",
+        labels: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        *,
+        axis: Axis = ...,
+        index: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        columns: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        level: Level | None = ...,
+        inplace: Literal[True],
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = ...,
+    ) -> None:
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def drop(
+        self,
+        labels: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        *,
+        axis: Axis = ...,
+        index: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        columns: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        level: Level | None = ...,
+        inplace: Literal[False] = ...,
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = ...,
     ) -> Series:
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def drop(
+        self,
+        labels: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        *,
+        axis: Axis = ...,
+        index: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        columns: Hashable | list[Hashable] = ...,
+        level: Level | None = ...,
+        inplace: bool = ...,
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = ...,
+    ) -> Series | None:
+        ...
+
+    # error: Signature of "drop" incompatible with supertype "NDFrame"
+    # github.com/python/mypy/issues/12387
+    @deprecate_nonkeyword_arguments(version=None, allowed_args=["self", "labels"])
+    def drop(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        labels: Hashable | list[Hashable] = None,
+        axis: Axis = 0,
+        index: Hashable | list[Hashable] = None,
+        columns: Hashable | list[Hashable] = None,
+        level: Level | None = None,
+        inplace: bool = False,
+        errors: IgnoreRaise = "raise",
+    ) -> Series | None:
         """
         Return Series with specified index labels removed.
 
diff --git a/pandas/io/json/_normalize.py b/pandas/io/json/_normalize.py
index 36a7949a9f1e3..4a2e49fd85f45 100644
--- a/pandas/io/json/_normalize.py
+++ b/pandas/io/json/_normalize.py
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@
 import numpy as np
 
 from pandas._libs.writers import convert_json_to_lines
-from pandas._typing import Scalar
+from pandas._typing import (
+    IgnoreRaise,
+    Scalar,
+)
 from pandas.util._decorators import deprecate
 
 import pandas as pd
@@ -244,7 +247,7 @@ def _json_normalize(
     meta: str | list[str | list[str]] | None = None,
     meta_prefix: str | None = None,
     record_prefix: str | None = None,
-    errors: str = "raise",
+    errors: IgnoreRaise = "raise",
     sep: str = ".",
     max_level: int | None = None,
 ) -> DataFrame:
diff --git a/pandas/plotting/_matplotlib/misc.py b/pandas/plotting/_matplotlib/misc.py
index 6583328f916f1..083d85ef0876d 100644
--- a/pandas/plotting/_matplotlib/misc.py
+++ b/pandas/plotting/_matplotlib/misc.py
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 
     from pandas import (
         DataFrame,
+        Index,
         Series,
     )
 
@@ -378,6 +379,7 @@ def parallel_coordinates(
     ncols = len(df.columns)
 
     # determine values to use for xticks
+    x: list[int] | Index
     if use_columns is True:
         if not np.all(np.isreal(list(df.columns))):
             raise ValueError("Columns must be numeric to be used as xticks")