diff --git a/news/11915.removal.rst b/news/11915.removal.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e54b5d574c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/news/11915.removal.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Using ``--config-settings`` with projects that don't have a ``pyproject.toml`` now print
+a deprecation warning. In the future the presence of config settings will automatically
+enable the default build backend for legacy projects and pass the setttings to it.
diff --git a/src/pip/_internal/pyproject.py b/src/pip/_internal/pyproject.py
index 57fef57077d..eb8e12b2dec 100644
--- a/src/pip/_internal/pyproject.py
+++ b/src/pip/_internal/pyproject.py
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ def load_pyproject_toml(
     # If we haven't worked out whether to use PEP 517 yet,
     # and the user hasn't explicitly stated a preference,
     # we do so if the project has a pyproject.toml file
-    # or if we cannot import setuptools.
+    # or if we cannot import setuptools or wheels.
 
     # We fallback to PEP 517 when without setuptools or without the wheel package,
     # so setuptools can be installed as a default build backend.
diff --git a/src/pip/_internal/req/req_install.py b/src/pip/_internal/req/req_install.py
index f0b7c5bcb14..2c628d36e93 100644
--- a/src/pip/_internal/req/req_install.py
+++ b/src/pip/_internal/req/req_install.py
@@ -477,6 +477,15 @@ def load_pyproject_toml(self) -> None:
         )
 
         if pyproject_toml_data is None:
+            if self.config_settings:
+                deprecated(
+                    reason=f"Config settings are ignored for project {self}.",
+                    replacement=(
+                        "to use --use-pep517 or add a "
+                        "pyproject.toml file to the project"
+                    ),
+                    gone_in="23.3",
+                )
             self.use_pep517 = False
             return