Fix negative narrowing of tuples in match statement (#17817)

Fixes #17328

### Before
Lines marked with `!!!` denote incorrect behavior. ([Playground
link](https://mypy-play.net/?mypy=1.11.2&python=3.12&flags=strict%2Cwarn-unreachable&gist=7a7081c5fbc2fac9987f24e02421f24f))
```python
from typing import Literal

m4: tuple[Literal[1], int]
match m4:
    case (1, 5):
        reveal_type(m4)  # N: Revealed type is "tuple[Literal[1], Literal[5]]"
    case (1, 6):
        reveal_type(m4)  # !!! E: Statement is unreachable  [unreachable]
    case _:
        reveal_type(m4)  # !!! N: Revealed type is "tuple[Never, builtins.int]"

m5: tuple[Literal[1, 2], Literal["a", "b"]]

match m5:
    case (1, str()):
        reveal_type(m5)  # N: Revealed type is "tuple[Literal[1], Union[Literal['a'], Literal['b']]]"
    case _:
        reveal_type(m5)  # !!! N: Revealed type is "tuple[Literal[2], Never]"

match m5:
    case (1, "a"):
        reveal_type(m5)  # N: Revealed type is "tuple[Literal[1], Literal['a']]"
    case _:
        reveal_type(m5)  # !!! N: Revealed type is "tuple[Literal[2], Literal['b']]"
```

### After
```python
from typing import Literal

m4: tuple[Literal[1], int]
match m4:
    case (1, 5):
        reveal_type(m4)  # N: Revealed type is "tuple[Literal[1], Literal[5]]"
    case (1, 6):
        reveal_type(m4)  # N: Revealed type is "tuple[Literal[1], Literal[6]]"
    case _:
        reveal_type(m4)  # N: Revealed type is "tuple[Literal[1], builtins.int]"

m5: tuple[Literal[1, 2], Literal["a", "b"]]

match m5:
    case (1, str()):
        reveal_type(m5)  # N: Revealed type is "tuple[Literal[1], Union[Literal['a'], Literal['b']]]"
    case _:
        reveal_type(m5)  # N: Revealed type is "tuple[Literal[2], Union[Literal['a'], Literal['b']]]"

match m5:
    case (1, "a"):
        reveal_type(m5)  # N: Revealed type is "tuple[Literal[1], Literal['a']]"
    case _:
        reveal_type(m5)  # N: Revealed type is "tuple[Union[Literal[1], Literal[2]], Union[Literal['a'], Literal['b']]]"
```

Author: brianschubert

mypy/checkpattern.py

@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ def visit_sequence_pattern(self, o: SequencePattern) -> PatternType:
             for inner_type, new_inner_type in zip(inner_types, new_inner_types):
                 (narrowed_inner_type, inner_rest_type) = (
                     self.chk.conditional_types_with_intersection(
-                        new_inner_type, [get_type_range(inner_type)], o, default=new_inner_type
+                        inner_type, [get_type_range(new_inner_type)], o, default=inner_type
                     )
                 )
                 narrowed_inner_types.append(narrowed_inner_type)
@@ -320,6 +320,16 @@ def visit_sequence_pattern(self, o: SequencePattern) -> PatternType:
             if all(is_uninhabited(typ) for typ in inner_rest_types):
                 # All subpatterns always match, so we can apply negative narrowing
                 rest_type = TupleType(rest_inner_types, current_type.partial_fallback)
+            elif sum(not is_uninhabited(typ) for typ in inner_rest_types) == 1:
+                # Exactly one subpattern may conditionally match, the rest always match.
+                # We can apply negative narrowing to this one position.
+                rest_type = TupleType(
+                    [
+                        curr if is_uninhabited(rest) else rest
+                        for curr, rest in zip(inner_types, inner_rest_types)
+                    ],
+                    current_type.partial_fallback,
+                )
         elif isinstance(current_type, TupleType):
             # For variadic tuples it is too tricky to match individual items like for fixed
             # tuples, so we instead try to narrow the entire type.

test-data/unit/check-python310.test

@@ -1424,6 +1424,7 @@ def f(value: Literal[1] | Literal[2]) -> int:
 
 [case testMatchSequencePatternNegativeNarrowing]
 from typing import Union, Sequence, Tuple
+from typing_extensions import Literal
 
 m1: Sequence[int | str]
 
@@ -1448,6 +1449,31 @@ match m3:
         reveal_type(m3)  # N: Revealed type is "Tuple[Literal[1]]"
     case r2:
         reveal_type(m3)  # N: Revealed type is "Tuple[Union[builtins.int, builtins.str]]"
+
+m4: Tuple[Literal[1], int]
+
+match m4:
+    case (1, 5):
+        reveal_type(m4)  # N: Revealed type is "Tuple[Literal[1], Literal[5]]"
+    case (1, 6):
+        reveal_type(m4)  # N: Revealed type is "Tuple[Literal[1], Literal[6]]"
+    case _:
+        reveal_type(m4)  # N: Revealed type is "Tuple[Literal[1], builtins.int]"
+
+m5: Tuple[Literal[1, 2], Literal["a", "b"]]
+
+match m5:
+    case (1, str()):
+        reveal_type(m5)  # N: Revealed type is "Tuple[Literal[1], Union[Literal['a'], Literal['b']]]"
+    case _:
+        reveal_type(m5)  # N: Revealed type is "Tuple[Literal[2], Union[Literal['a'], Literal['b']]]"
+
+match m5:
+    case (1, "a"):
+        reveal_type(m5)  # N: Revealed type is "Tuple[Literal[1], Literal['a']]"
+    case _:
+        reveal_type(m5)  # N: Revealed type is "Tuple[Union[Literal[1], Literal[2]], Union[Literal['a'], Literal['b']]]"
+
 [builtins fixtures/tuple.pyi]
 
 [case testMatchEnumSingleChoice]