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Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: CONTRIBUTING.md
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### Getting Help
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**For support or usage questions like “how do I do X with Redux” and “my code doesn't work”, please search and ask on [StackOverflow with a Redux tag](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/redux?sort=votes&pageSize=50) first.**
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**For support or usage questions like “how do I do X with Redux” and “my code doesn't work”, please search and ask on [StackOverflow with a Redux tag](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/redux?sort=votes&pageSize=50) first.**
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We ask you to do this because StackOverflow has a much better job at keeping popular questions visible. Unfortunately good answers get lost and outdated on GitHub.
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On both websites, it is a good idea to structure your code and question in a way that is easy to read to entice people to answer it. For example, we encourage you to use syntax highlighting, indentation, and split text in paragraphs.
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Please keep in mind that people spend their free time trying to help you. You can make it easier for them if you provide versions of the relevant libraries and a runnable small project reproducing your issue. You can put your code on [JSBin](http://jsbin.com) or, for bigger projects, on GitHub. Make sure all the necessary dependencies are declared in `package.json` so anyone can run `npm install && npm start` and reproduce your issue.
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Please keep in mind that people spend their free time trying to help you. You can make it easier for them if you provide versions of the relevant libraries and a runnable small project reproducing your issue. You can put your code on [JSBin](https://jsbin.com) or, for bigger projects, on GitHub. Make sure all the necessary dependencies are declared in `package.json` so anyone can run `npm install && npm start` and reproduce your issue.
For PDF, ePub, and MOBI exports for offline reading, and instructions on how to create them, please see: [paulkogel/redux-offline-docs](https://github.com/paulkogel/redux-offline-docs).
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For Offline docs, please see: [devdocs](http://devdocs.io/redux/)
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For Offline docs, please see: [devdocs](https://devdocs.io/redux/)
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## Learn Redux
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- The Redux repository contains several example projects demonstrating various aspects of how to use Redux. Almost all examples have a corresponding CodeSandbox sandbox. This is an interactive version of the code that you can play with online. See the complete list of examples in the **[Examples page](https://redux.js.org/introduction/examples)**.
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- Redux creator Dan Abramov's **free ["Getting Started with Redux" video series](https://egghead.io/series/getting-started-with-redux)** and **[Building React Applications with Idiomatic Redux](https://egghead.io/courses/building-react-applications-with-idiomatic-redux)** video courses on Egghead.io
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- Redux maintainer Mark Erikson's **["Redux Fundamentals" conference talk](http://blog.isquaredsoftware.com/2018/03/presentation-reactathon-redux-fundamentals/)** and [**"Redux Fundamentals" workshop slides**](https://blog.isquaredsoftware.com/2018/06/redux-fundamentals-workshop-slides/)
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- Redux maintainer Mark Erikson's **["Redux Fundamentals" conference talk](https://blog.isquaredsoftware.com/2018/03/presentation-reactathon-redux-fundamentals/)** and [**"Redux Fundamentals" workshop slides**](https://blog.isquaredsoftware.com/2018/06/redux-fundamentals-workshop-slides/)
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- Dave Ceddia's post [**A Complete React Redux Tutorial for Beginners**](https://daveceddia.com/redux-tutorial/)
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### Other Resources
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- The **[Redux FAQ](https://redux.js.org/faq)** answers many common questions about how to use Redux, and the **["Recipes" docs section](https://redux.js.org/recipes/recipe-index)** has information on handling derived data, testing, structuring reducer logic, and reducing boilerplate.
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- Redux maintainer Mark Erikson's **["Practical Redux" tutorial series](http://blog.isquaredsoftware.com/series/practical-redux/)** demonstrates real-world intermediate and advanced techniques for working with React and Redux (also available as **[an interactive course on Educative.io](https://www.educative.io/collection/5687753853370368/5707702298738688)**).
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- Redux maintainer Mark Erikson's **["Practical Redux" tutorial series](https://blog.isquaredsoftware.com/series/practical-redux/)** demonstrates real-world intermediate and advanced techniques for working with React and Redux (also available as **[an interactive course on Educative.io](https://www.educative.io/collection/5687753853370368/5707702298738688)**).
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- The **[React/Redux links list](https://github.com/markerikson/react-redux-links)** has categorized articles on working with [reducers and selectors](https://github.com/markerikson/react-redux-links/blob/master/redux-reducers-selectors.md), [managing side effects](https://github.com/markerikson/react-redux-links/blob/master/redux-side-effects.md), [Redux architecture and best practices](https://github.com/markerikson/react-redux-links/blob/master/redux-architecture.md), and more.
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- Our community has created thousands of Redux-related libraries, addons, and tools. The **["Ecosystem" docs page](https://redux.js.org/introduction/ecosystem)** lists our recommendations, and also there's a complete listing available in the **[Redux addons catalog](https://github.com/markerikson/redux-ecosystem-links)**.
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### Help and Discussion
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The **[#redux channel](https://discord.gg/0ZcbPKXt5bZ6au5t)** of the **[Reactiflux Discord community](http://www.reactiflux.com)** is our official resource for all questions related to learning and using Redux. Reactiflux is a great place to hang out, ask questions, and learn - please come and join us there!
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The **[#redux channel](https://discord.gg/0ZcbPKXt5bZ6au5t)** of the **[Reactiflux Discord community](https://www.reactiflux.com)** is our official resource for all questions related to learning and using Redux. Reactiflux is a great place to hang out, ask questions, and learn - please come and join us there!
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## Before Proceeding Further
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>
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> -**[When (and when not) to reach for Redux](https://changelog.com/posts/when-and-when-not-to-reach-for-redux)**
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> -**[You Might Not Need Redux](https://medium.com/@dan_abramov/you-might-not-need-redux-be46360cf367)**<br>
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> -**[The Tao of Redux, Part 1 - Implementation and Intent](http://blog.isquaredsoftware.com/2017/05/idiomatic-redux-tao-of-redux-part-1/)**<br>
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> -**[The Tao of Redux, Part 2 - Practice and Philosophy](http://blog.isquaredsoftware.com/2017/05/idiomatic-redux-tao-of-redux-part-2/)**
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> -**[The Tao of Redux, Part 1 - Implementation and Intent](https://blog.isquaredsoftware.com/2017/05/idiomatic-redux-tao-of-redux-part-1/)**<br>
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> -**[The Tao of Redux, Part 2 - Practice and Philosophy](https://blog.isquaredsoftware.com/2017/05/idiomatic-redux-tao-of-redux-part-2/)**
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> -**[Redux FAQ](https://redux.js.org/faq)**
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## Developer Experience
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## Influences
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Redux evolves the ideas of [Flux](http://facebook.github.io/flux/), but avoids its complexity by taking cues from [Elm](https://github.com/evancz/elm-architecture-tutorial/).
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Redux evolves the ideas of [Flux](https://facebook.github.io/flux/), but avoids its complexity by taking cues from [Elm](https://github.com/evancz/elm-architecture-tutorial/).
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Even if you haven't used Flux or Elm, Redux only takes a few minutes to get started with.
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## Basic Example
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-[Cycle](https://github.com/cyclejs/cycle-core) for showing how often a function is the best tool;
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-[React](https://github.com/facebook/react) for the pragmatic innovation.
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Special thanks to [Jamie Paton](http://jdpaton.github.io) for handing over the `redux` NPM package name.
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Special thanks to [Jamie Paton](https://jdpaton.github.io) for handing over the `redux` NPM package name.
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## Logo
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You can find the official logo [on GitHub](https://github.com/reduxjs/redux/tree/master/logo).
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## Change Log
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This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
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This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/).
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Every release, along with the migration instructions, is documented on the GitHub [Releases](https://github.com/reduxjs/redux/releases) page.
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/api/createStore.md
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- Don't create more than one store in an application! Instead, use [`combineReducers`](combineReducers.md) to create a single root reducer out of many.
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- It is up to you to choose the state format. You can use plain objects or something like [Immutable](http://facebook.github.io/immutable-js/). If you're not sure, start with plain objects.
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- It is up to you to choose the state format. You can use plain objects or something like [Immutable](https://facebook.github.io/immutable-js/). If you're not sure, start with plain objects.
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- If your state is a plain object, make sure you never mutate it! For example, instead of returning something like `Object.assign(state, newData)` from your reducers, return `Object.assign({}, state, newData)`. This way you don't override the previous `state`. You can also write `return { ...state, ...newData }` if you enable the [object spread operator proposal](../recipes/UsingObjectSpreadOperator.md).
-[#1167: Reducer without switch](https://github.com/reactjs/redux/issues/1167)
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-[Stack Overflow: Why do you need 'Actions' as data in Redux?](http://stackoverflow.com/q/34759047/62937)
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-[Stack Overflow: What is the point of the constants in Redux?](http://stackoverflow.com/q/34965856/62937)
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-[Stack Overflow: Why do you need 'Actions' as data in Redux?](https://stackoverflow.com/q/34759047/62937)
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-[Stack Overflow: What is the point of the constants in Redux?](https://stackoverflow.com/q/34965856/62937)
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### Is there always a one-to-one mapping between reducers and actions?
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-[Twitter: most common Redux misconception](https://twitter.com/dan_abramov/status/682923564006248448)
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-[#1167: Reducer without switch](https://github.com/reactjs/redux/issues/1167)
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-[Reduxible #8: Reducers and action creators aren't a one-to-one mapping](https://github.com/reduxible/reduxible/issues/8)
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-[Stack Overflow: Can I dispatch multiple actions without Redux Thunk middleware?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/35493352/can-i-dispatch-multiple-actions-without-redux-thunk-middleware/35642783)
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-[Stack Overflow: Can I dispatch multiple actions without Redux Thunk middleware?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35493352/can-i-dispatch-multiple-actions-without-redux-thunk-middleware/35642783)
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### How can I represent “side effects” such as AJAX calls? Why do we need things like “action creators”, “thunks”, and “middleware” to do async behavior?
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-[#533: Simpler introduction to async action creators](https://github.com/reactjs/redux/issues/533)
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-[#569: Proposal: API for explicit side effects](https://github.com/reactjs/redux/pull/569)
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-[#1139: An alternative side effect model based on generators and sagas](https://github.com/reactjs/redux/issues/1139)
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-[Stack Overflow: Why do we need middleware for async flow in Redux?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/34570758/why-do-we-need-middleware-for-async-flow-in-redux)
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-[Stack Overflow: How to dispatch a Redux action with a timeout?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/35411423/how-to-dispatch-a-redux-action-with-a-timeout/35415559)
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-[Stack Overflow: Where should I put synchronous side effects linked to actions in redux?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/32982237/where-should-i-put-synchronous-side-effects-linked-to-actions-in-redux/33036344)
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-[Stack Overflow: How to handle complex side-effects in Redux?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/32925837/how-to-handle-complex-side-effects-in-redux/33036594)
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-[Stack Overflow: How to unit test async Redux actions to mock ajax response](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/33011729/how-to-unit-test-async-redux-actions-to-mock-ajax-response/33053465)
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-[Stack Overflow: How to fire AJAX calls in response to the state changes with Redux?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/35262692/how-to-fire-ajax-calls-in-response-to-the-state-changes-with-redux/35675447)
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-[Stack Overflow: Why do we need middleware for async flow in Redux?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34570758/why-do-we-need-middleware-for-async-flow-in-redux)
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-[Stack Overflow: How to dispatch a Redux action with a timeout?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35411423/how-to-dispatch-a-redux-action-with-a-timeout/35415559)
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-[Stack Overflow: Where should I put synchronous side effects linked to actions in redux?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32982237/where-should-i-put-synchronous-side-effects-linked-to-actions-in-redux/33036344)
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-[Stack Overflow: How to handle complex side-effects in Redux?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32925837/how-to-handle-complex-side-effects-in-redux/33036594)
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-[Stack Overflow: How to unit test async Redux actions to mock ajax response](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33011729/how-to-unit-test-async-redux-actions-to-mock-ajax-response/33053465)
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-[Stack Overflow: How to fire AJAX calls in response to the state changes with Redux?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35262692/how-to-fire-ajax-calls-in-response-to-the-state-changes-with-redux/35675447)
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-[Reddit: Help performing Async API calls with Redux-Promise Middleware.](https://www.reddit.com/r/reactjs/comments/469iyc/help_performing_async_api_calls_with_reduxpromise/)
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-[Twitter: possible comparison between sagas, loops, and other approaches](https://twitter.com/dan_abramov/status/689639582120415232)
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**Articles**
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-[Idiomatic Redux: Thoughts on Thunks, Sagas, Abstraction, and Reusability](http://blog.isquaredsoftware.com/2017/01/idiomatic-redux-thoughts-on-thunks-sagas-abstraction-and-reusability/#multiple-dispatching)
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-[Idiomatic Redux: Thoughts on Thunks, Sagas, Abstraction, and Reusability](https://blog.isquaredsoftware.com/2017/01/idiomatic-redux-thoughts-on-thunks-sagas-abstraction-and-reusability/#multiple-dispatching)
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**Discussions**
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-[#597: Valid to dispatch multiple actions from an event handler?](https://github.com/reactjs/redux/issues/597)
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-[#959: Multiple actions one dispatch?](https://github.com/reactjs/redux/issues/959)
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-[Stack Overflow: Should I use one or several action types to represent this async action?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/33637740/should-i-use-one-or-several-action-types-to-represent-this-async-action/33816695)
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-[Stack Overflow: Do events and actions have a 1:1 relationship in Redux?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/35406707/do-events-and-actions-have-a-11-relationship-in-redux/35410524)
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-[Stack Overflow: Should actions be handled by reducers to related actions or generated by action creators themselves?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/33220776/should-actions-like-showing-hiding-loading-screens-be-handled-by-reducers-to-rel/33226443#33226443)
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-[Stack Overflow: Should I use one or several action types to represent this async action?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33637740/should-i-use-one-or-several-action-types-to-represent-this-async-action/33816695)
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-[Stack Overflow: Do events and actions have a 1:1 relationship in Redux?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35406707/do-events-and-actions-have-a-11-relationship-in-redux/35410524)
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-[Stack Overflow: Should actions be handled by reducers to related actions or generated by action creators themselves?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33220776/should-actions-like-showing-hiding-loading-screens-be-handled-by-reducers-to-rel/33226443#33226443)
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-[Twitter: "Good thread on the problems with Redux Thunk..."](https://twitter.com/dan_abramov/status/800310164792414208)
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