diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 5fda666e480ed..ed2d1ddc3497b 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -4728,6 +4728,7 @@ version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "arrayvec",
  "askama",
+ "atty",
  "expect-test",
  "itertools 0.9.0",
  "minifier",
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state.rs
index fa9a20f2e0358..026937394d012 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+mod expr;
+mod item;
+
 use crate::pp::Breaks::{Consistent, Inconsistent};
 use crate::pp::{self, Breaks};
 
@@ -7,9 +10,9 @@ use rustc_ast::token::{self, BinOpToken, CommentKind, DelimToken, Nonterminal, T
 use rustc_ast::tokenstream::{TokenStream, TokenTree};
 use rustc_ast::util::classify;
 use rustc_ast::util::comments::{gather_comments, Comment, CommentStyle};
-use rustc_ast::util::parser::{self, AssocOp, Fixity};
+use rustc_ast::util::parser;
 use rustc_ast::{self as ast, BlockCheckMode, PatKind, RangeEnd, RangeSyntax};
-use rustc_ast::{GenericArg, MacArgs, ModKind};
+use rustc_ast::{GenericArg, MacArgs};
 use rustc_ast::{GenericBound, SelfKind, TraitBoundModifier};
 use rustc_ast::{InlineAsmOperand, InlineAsmRegOrRegClass};
 use rustc_ast::{InlineAsmOptions, InlineAsmTemplatePiece};
@@ -210,10 +213,6 @@ pub fn literal_to_string(lit: token::Lit) -> String {
     out
 }
 
-fn visibility_qualified(vis: &ast::Visibility, s: &str) -> String {
-    format!("{}{}", State::to_string(|s| s.print_visibility(vis)), s)
-}
-
 impl std::ops::Deref for State<'_> {
     type Target = pp::Printer;
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
@@ -938,13 +937,6 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.commasep_cmnt(b, exprs, |s, e| s.print_expr(e), |e| e.span)
     }
 
-    crate fn print_foreign_mod(&mut self, nmod: &ast::ForeignMod, attrs: &[ast::Attribute]) {
-        self.print_inner_attributes(attrs);
-        for item in &nmod.items {
-            self.print_foreign_item(item);
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn print_opt_lifetime(&mut self, lifetime: &Option<ast::Lifetime>) {
         if let Some(lt) = *lifetime {
             self.print_lifetime(lt);
@@ -1056,343 +1048,6 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.end();
     }
 
-    crate fn print_foreign_item(&mut self, item: &ast::ForeignItem) {
-        let ast::Item { id, span, ident, ref attrs, ref kind, ref vis, tokens: _ } = *item;
-        self.ann.pre(self, AnnNode::SubItem(id));
-        self.hardbreak_if_not_bol();
-        self.maybe_print_comment(span.lo());
-        self.print_outer_attributes(attrs);
-        match kind {
-            ast::ForeignItemKind::Fn(box ast::Fn { defaultness, sig, generics, body }) => {
-                self.print_fn_full(sig, ident, generics, vis, *defaultness, body.as_deref(), attrs);
-            }
-            ast::ForeignItemKind::Static(ty, mutbl, body) => {
-                let def = ast::Defaultness::Final;
-                self.print_item_const(ident, Some(*mutbl), ty, body.as_deref(), vis, def);
-            }
-            ast::ForeignItemKind::TyAlias(box ast::TyAlias {
-                defaultness,
-                generics,
-                bounds,
-                ty,
-            }) => {
-                self.print_associated_type(
-                    ident,
-                    generics,
-                    bounds,
-                    ty.as_deref(),
-                    vis,
-                    *defaultness,
-                );
-            }
-            ast::ForeignItemKind::MacCall(m) => {
-                self.print_mac(m);
-                if m.args.need_semicolon() {
-                    self.word(";");
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        self.ann.post(self, AnnNode::SubItem(id))
-    }
-
-    fn print_item_const(
-        &mut self,
-        ident: Ident,
-        mutbl: Option<ast::Mutability>,
-        ty: &ast::Ty,
-        body: Option<&ast::Expr>,
-        vis: &ast::Visibility,
-        defaultness: ast::Defaultness,
-    ) {
-        self.head("");
-        self.print_visibility(vis);
-        self.print_defaultness(defaultness);
-        let leading = match mutbl {
-            None => "const",
-            Some(ast::Mutability::Not) => "static",
-            Some(ast::Mutability::Mut) => "static mut",
-        };
-        self.word_space(leading);
-        self.print_ident(ident);
-        self.word_space(":");
-        self.print_type(ty);
-        if body.is_some() {
-            self.space();
-        }
-        self.end(); // end the head-ibox
-        if let Some(body) = body {
-            self.word_space("=");
-            self.print_expr(body);
-        }
-        self.word(";");
-        self.end(); // end the outer cbox
-    }
-
-    fn print_associated_type(
-        &mut self,
-        ident: Ident,
-        generics: &ast::Generics,
-        bounds: &ast::GenericBounds,
-        ty: Option<&ast::Ty>,
-        vis: &ast::Visibility,
-        defaultness: ast::Defaultness,
-    ) {
-        self.head("");
-        self.print_visibility(vis);
-        self.print_defaultness(defaultness);
-        self.word_space("type");
-        self.print_ident(ident);
-        self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
-        self.print_type_bounds(":", bounds);
-        self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause);
-        if let Some(ty) = ty {
-            self.space();
-            self.word_space("=");
-            self.print_type(ty);
-        }
-        self.word(";");
-        self.end(); // end inner head-block
-        self.end(); // end outer head-block
-    }
-
-    /// Pretty-prints an item.
-    crate fn print_item(&mut self, item: &ast::Item) {
-        self.hardbreak_if_not_bol();
-        self.maybe_print_comment(item.span.lo());
-        self.print_outer_attributes(&item.attrs);
-        self.ann.pre(self, AnnNode::Item(item));
-        match item.kind {
-            ast::ItemKind::ExternCrate(orig_name) => {
-                self.head(visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "extern crate"));
-                if let Some(orig_name) = orig_name {
-                    self.print_name(orig_name);
-                    self.space();
-                    self.word("as");
-                    self.space();
-                }
-                self.print_ident(item.ident);
-                self.word(";");
-                self.end(); // end inner head-block
-                self.end(); // end outer head-block
-            }
-            ast::ItemKind::Use(ref tree) => {
-                self.head(visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "use"));
-                self.print_use_tree(tree);
-                self.word(";");
-                self.end(); // end inner head-block
-                self.end(); // end outer head-block
-            }
-            ast::ItemKind::Static(ref ty, mutbl, ref body) => {
-                let def = ast::Defaultness::Final;
-                self.print_item_const(item.ident, Some(mutbl), ty, body.as_deref(), &item.vis, def);
-            }
-            ast::ItemKind::Const(def, ref ty, ref body) => {
-                self.print_item_const(item.ident, None, ty, body.as_deref(), &item.vis, def);
-            }
-            ast::ItemKind::Fn(box ast::Fn { defaultness, ref sig, ref generics, ref body }) => {
-                let body = body.as_deref();
-                self.print_fn_full(
-                    sig,
-                    item.ident,
-                    generics,
-                    &item.vis,
-                    defaultness,
-                    body,
-                    &item.attrs,
-                );
-            }
-            ast::ItemKind::Mod(unsafety, ref mod_kind) => {
-                self.head(Self::to_string(|s| {
-                    s.print_visibility(&item.vis);
-                    s.print_unsafety(unsafety);
-                    s.word("mod");
-                }));
-                self.print_ident(item.ident);
-
-                match mod_kind {
-                    ModKind::Loaded(items, ..) => {
-                        self.nbsp();
-                        self.bopen();
-                        self.print_inner_attributes(&item.attrs);
-                        for item in items {
-                            self.print_item(item);
-                        }
-                        let empty = item.attrs.is_empty() && items.is_empty();
-                        self.bclose(item.span, empty);
-                    }
-                    ModKind::Unloaded => {
-                        self.word(";");
-                        self.end(); // end inner head-block
-                        self.end(); // end outer head-block
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            ast::ItemKind::ForeignMod(ref nmod) => {
-                self.head(Self::to_string(|s| {
-                    s.print_unsafety(nmod.unsafety);
-                    s.word("extern");
-                }));
-                if let Some(abi) = nmod.abi {
-                    self.print_literal(&abi.as_lit());
-                    self.nbsp();
-                }
-                self.bopen();
-                self.print_foreign_mod(nmod, &item.attrs);
-                let empty = item.attrs.is_empty() && nmod.items.is_empty();
-                self.bclose(item.span, empty);
-            }
-            ast::ItemKind::GlobalAsm(ref asm) => {
-                self.head(visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "global_asm!"));
-                self.print_inline_asm(asm);
-                self.end();
-            }
-            ast::ItemKind::TyAlias(box ast::TyAlias {
-                defaultness,
-                ref generics,
-                ref bounds,
-                ref ty,
-            }) => {
-                let ty = ty.as_deref();
-                self.print_associated_type(
-                    item.ident,
-                    generics,
-                    bounds,
-                    ty,
-                    &item.vis,
-                    defaultness,
-                );
-            }
-            ast::ItemKind::Enum(ref enum_definition, ref params) => {
-                self.print_enum_def(enum_definition, params, item.ident, item.span, &item.vis);
-            }
-            ast::ItemKind::Struct(ref struct_def, ref generics) => {
-                self.head(visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "struct"));
-                self.print_struct(struct_def, generics, item.ident, item.span, true);
-            }
-            ast::ItemKind::Union(ref struct_def, ref generics) => {
-                self.head(visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "union"));
-                self.print_struct(struct_def, generics, item.ident, item.span, true);
-            }
-            ast::ItemKind::Impl(box ast::Impl {
-                unsafety,
-                polarity,
-                defaultness,
-                constness,
-                ref generics,
-                ref of_trait,
-                ref self_ty,
-                ref items,
-            }) => {
-                self.head("");
-                self.print_visibility(&item.vis);
-                self.print_defaultness(defaultness);
-                self.print_unsafety(unsafety);
-                self.word("impl");
-
-                if generics.params.is_empty() {
-                    self.nbsp();
-                } else {
-                    self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
-                    self.space();
-                }
-
-                self.print_constness(constness);
-
-                if let ast::ImplPolarity::Negative(_) = polarity {
-                    self.word("!");
-                }
-
-                if let Some(ref t) = *of_trait {
-                    self.print_trait_ref(t);
-                    self.space();
-                    self.word_space("for");
-                }
-
-                self.print_type(self_ty);
-                self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause);
-
-                self.space();
-                self.bopen();
-                self.print_inner_attributes(&item.attrs);
-                for impl_item in items {
-                    self.print_assoc_item(impl_item);
-                }
-                let empty = item.attrs.is_empty() && items.is_empty();
-                self.bclose(item.span, empty);
-            }
-            ast::ItemKind::Trait(box ast::Trait {
-                is_auto,
-                unsafety,
-                ref generics,
-                ref bounds,
-                ref items,
-                ..
-            }) => {
-                self.head("");
-                self.print_visibility(&item.vis);
-                self.print_unsafety(unsafety);
-                self.print_is_auto(is_auto);
-                self.word_nbsp("trait");
-                self.print_ident(item.ident);
-                self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
-                let mut real_bounds = Vec::with_capacity(bounds.len());
-                for b in bounds.iter() {
-                    if let GenericBound::Trait(ref ptr, ast::TraitBoundModifier::Maybe) = *b {
-                        self.space();
-                        self.word_space("for ?");
-                        self.print_trait_ref(&ptr.trait_ref);
-                    } else {
-                        real_bounds.push(b.clone());
-                    }
-                }
-                self.print_type_bounds(":", &real_bounds);
-                self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause);
-                self.word(" ");
-                self.bopen();
-                self.print_inner_attributes(&item.attrs);
-                for trait_item in items {
-                    self.print_assoc_item(trait_item);
-                }
-                let empty = item.attrs.is_empty() && items.is_empty();
-                self.bclose(item.span, empty);
-            }
-            ast::ItemKind::TraitAlias(ref generics, ref bounds) => {
-                self.head("");
-                self.print_visibility(&item.vis);
-                self.word_nbsp("trait");
-                self.print_ident(item.ident);
-                self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
-                let mut real_bounds = Vec::with_capacity(bounds.len());
-                // FIXME(durka) this seems to be some quite outdated syntax
-                for b in bounds.iter() {
-                    if let GenericBound::Trait(ref ptr, ast::TraitBoundModifier::Maybe) = *b {
-                        self.space();
-                        self.word_space("for ?");
-                        self.print_trait_ref(&ptr.trait_ref);
-                    } else {
-                        real_bounds.push(b.clone());
-                    }
-                }
-                self.nbsp();
-                self.print_type_bounds("=", &real_bounds);
-                self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause);
-                self.word(";");
-            }
-            ast::ItemKind::MacCall(ref mac) => {
-                self.print_mac(mac);
-                if mac.args.need_semicolon() {
-                    self.word(";");
-                }
-            }
-            ast::ItemKind::MacroDef(ref macro_def) => {
-                self.print_mac_def(macro_def, &item.ident, &item.span, |state| {
-                    state.print_visibility(&item.vis)
-                });
-            }
-        }
-        self.ann.post(self, AnnNode::Item(item))
-    }
-
     fn print_trait_ref(&mut self, t: &ast::TraitRef) {
         self.print_path(&t.path, false, 0)
     }
@@ -1410,167 +1065,6 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.print_trait_ref(&t.trait_ref)
     }
 
-    crate fn print_enum_def(
-        &mut self,
-        enum_definition: &ast::EnumDef,
-        generics: &ast::Generics,
-        ident: Ident,
-        span: rustc_span::Span,
-        visibility: &ast::Visibility,
-    ) {
-        self.head(visibility_qualified(visibility, "enum"));
-        self.print_ident(ident);
-        self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
-        self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause);
-        self.space();
-        self.print_variants(&enum_definition.variants, span)
-    }
-
-    crate fn print_variants(&mut self, variants: &[ast::Variant], span: rustc_span::Span) {
-        self.bopen();
-        for v in variants {
-            self.space_if_not_bol();
-            self.maybe_print_comment(v.span.lo());
-            self.print_outer_attributes(&v.attrs);
-            self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
-            self.print_variant(v);
-            self.word(",");
-            self.end();
-            self.maybe_print_trailing_comment(v.span, None);
-        }
-        let empty = variants.is_empty();
-        self.bclose(span, empty)
-    }
-
-    crate fn print_visibility(&mut self, vis: &ast::Visibility) {
-        match vis.kind {
-            ast::VisibilityKind::Public => self.word_nbsp("pub"),
-            ast::VisibilityKind::Crate(sugar) => match sugar {
-                ast::CrateSugar::PubCrate => self.word_nbsp("pub(crate)"),
-                ast::CrateSugar::JustCrate => self.word_nbsp("crate"),
-            },
-            ast::VisibilityKind::Restricted { ref path, .. } => {
-                let path = Self::to_string(|s| s.print_path(path, false, 0));
-                if path == "self" || path == "super" {
-                    self.word_nbsp(format!("pub({})", path))
-                } else {
-                    self.word_nbsp(format!("pub(in {})", path))
-                }
-            }
-            ast::VisibilityKind::Inherited => {}
-        }
-    }
-
-    crate fn print_defaultness(&mut self, defaultness: ast::Defaultness) {
-        if let ast::Defaultness::Default(_) = defaultness {
-            self.word_nbsp("default");
-        }
-    }
-
-    crate fn print_record_struct_body(&mut self, fields: &[ast::FieldDef], span: rustc_span::Span) {
-        self.nbsp();
-        self.bopen();
-
-        let empty = fields.is_empty();
-        if !empty {
-            self.hardbreak_if_not_bol();
-
-            for field in fields {
-                self.hardbreak_if_not_bol();
-                self.maybe_print_comment(field.span.lo());
-                self.print_outer_attributes(&field.attrs);
-                self.print_visibility(&field.vis);
-                self.print_ident(field.ident.unwrap());
-                self.word_nbsp(":");
-                self.print_type(&field.ty);
-                self.word(",");
-            }
-        }
-
-        self.bclose(span, empty);
-    }
-
-    crate fn print_struct(
-        &mut self,
-        struct_def: &ast::VariantData,
-        generics: &ast::Generics,
-        ident: Ident,
-        span: rustc_span::Span,
-        print_finalizer: bool,
-    ) {
-        self.print_ident(ident);
-        self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
-        match struct_def {
-            ast::VariantData::Tuple(..) | ast::VariantData::Unit(..) => {
-                if let ast::VariantData::Tuple(..) = struct_def {
-                    self.popen();
-                    self.commasep(Inconsistent, struct_def.fields(), |s, field| {
-                        s.maybe_print_comment(field.span.lo());
-                        s.print_outer_attributes(&field.attrs);
-                        s.print_visibility(&field.vis);
-                        s.print_type(&field.ty)
-                    });
-                    self.pclose();
-                }
-                self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause);
-                if print_finalizer {
-                    self.word(";");
-                }
-                self.end();
-                self.end(); // Close the outer-box.
-            }
-            ast::VariantData::Struct(ref fields, ..) => {
-                self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause);
-                self.print_record_struct_body(fields, span);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    crate fn print_variant(&mut self, v: &ast::Variant) {
-        self.head("");
-        self.print_visibility(&v.vis);
-        let generics = ast::Generics::default();
-        self.print_struct(&v.data, &generics, v.ident, v.span, false);
-        if let Some(ref d) = v.disr_expr {
-            self.space();
-            self.word_space("=");
-            self.print_expr(&d.value)
-        }
-    }
-
-    crate fn print_assoc_item(&mut self, item: &ast::AssocItem) {
-        let ast::Item { id, span, ident, ref attrs, ref kind, ref vis, tokens: _ } = *item;
-        self.ann.pre(self, AnnNode::SubItem(id));
-        self.hardbreak_if_not_bol();
-        self.maybe_print_comment(span.lo());
-        self.print_outer_attributes(attrs);
-        match kind {
-            ast::AssocItemKind::Fn(box ast::Fn { defaultness, sig, generics, body }) => {
-                self.print_fn_full(sig, ident, generics, vis, *defaultness, body.as_deref(), attrs);
-            }
-            ast::AssocItemKind::Const(def, ty, body) => {
-                self.print_item_const(ident, None, ty, body.as_deref(), vis, *def);
-            }
-            ast::AssocItemKind::TyAlias(box ast::TyAlias { defaultness, generics, bounds, ty }) => {
-                self.print_associated_type(
-                    ident,
-                    generics,
-                    bounds,
-                    ty.as_deref(),
-                    vis,
-                    *defaultness,
-                );
-            }
-            ast::AssocItemKind::MacCall(m) => {
-                self.print_mac(m);
-                if m.args.need_semicolon() {
-                    self.word(";");
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        self.ann.post(self, AnnNode::SubItem(id))
-    }
-
     crate fn print_stmt(&mut self, st: &ast::Stmt) {
         self.maybe_print_comment(st.span.lo());
         match st.kind {
@@ -1681,42 +1175,6 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.print_expr_cond_paren(expr, Self::cond_needs_par(expr) || npals())
     }
 
-    fn print_else(&mut self, els: Option<&ast::Expr>) {
-        if let Some(_else) = els {
-            match _else.kind {
-                // Another `else if` block.
-                ast::ExprKind::If(ref i, ref then, ref e) => {
-                    self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT - 1);
-                    self.ibox(0);
-                    self.word(" else if ");
-                    self.print_expr_as_cond(i);
-                    self.space();
-                    self.print_block(then);
-                    self.print_else(e.as_deref())
-                }
-                // Final `else` block.
-                ast::ExprKind::Block(ref b, _) => {
-                    self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT - 1);
-                    self.ibox(0);
-                    self.word(" else ");
-                    self.print_block(b)
-                }
-                // Constraints would be great here!
-                _ => {
-                    panic!("print_if saw if with weird alternative");
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    crate fn print_if(&mut self, test: &ast::Expr, blk: &ast::Block, elseopt: Option<&ast::Expr>) {
-        self.head("if");
-        self.print_expr_as_cond(test);
-        self.space();
-        self.print_block(blk);
-        self.print_else(elseopt)
-    }
-
     crate fn print_mac(&mut self, m: &ast::MacCall) {
         self.print_mac_common(
             Some(MacHeader::Path(&m.path)),
@@ -1729,533 +1187,6 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         );
     }
 
-    fn print_call_post(&mut self, args: &[P<ast::Expr>]) {
-        self.popen();
-        self.commasep_exprs(Inconsistent, args);
-        self.pclose()
-    }
-
-    crate fn print_expr_maybe_paren(&mut self, expr: &ast::Expr, prec: i8) {
-        self.print_expr_cond_paren(expr, expr.precedence().order() < prec)
-    }
-
-    /// Prints an expr using syntax that's acceptable in a condition position, such as the `cond` in
-    /// `if cond { ... }`.
-    crate fn print_expr_as_cond(&mut self, expr: &ast::Expr) {
-        self.print_expr_cond_paren(expr, Self::cond_needs_par(expr))
-    }
-
-    // Does `expr` need parentheses when printed in a condition position?
-    //
-    // These cases need parens due to the parse error observed in #26461: `if return {}`
-    // parses as the erroneous construct `if (return {})`, not `if (return) {}`.
-    fn cond_needs_par(expr: &ast::Expr) -> bool {
-        match expr.kind {
-            ast::ExprKind::Break(..) | ast::ExprKind::Closure(..) | ast::ExprKind::Ret(..) => true,
-            _ => parser::contains_exterior_struct_lit(expr),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Prints `expr` or `(expr)` when `needs_par` holds.
-    fn print_expr_cond_paren(&mut self, expr: &ast::Expr, needs_par: bool) {
-        if needs_par {
-            self.popen();
-        }
-        self.print_expr(expr);
-        if needs_par {
-            self.pclose();
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn print_expr_vec(&mut self, exprs: &[P<ast::Expr>]) {
-        self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
-        self.word("[");
-        self.commasep_exprs(Inconsistent, exprs);
-        self.word("]");
-        self.end();
-    }
-
-    fn print_expr_anon_const(&mut self, expr: &ast::AnonConst) {
-        self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
-        self.word("const");
-        self.print_expr(&expr.value);
-        self.end();
-    }
-
-    fn print_expr_repeat(&mut self, element: &ast::Expr, count: &ast::AnonConst) {
-        self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
-        self.word("[");
-        self.print_expr(element);
-        self.word_space(";");
-        self.print_expr(&count.value);
-        self.word("]");
-        self.end();
-    }
-
-    fn print_expr_struct(
-        &mut self,
-        qself: &Option<ast::QSelf>,
-        path: &ast::Path,
-        fields: &[ast::ExprField],
-        rest: &ast::StructRest,
-    ) {
-        if let Some(qself) = qself {
-            self.print_qpath(path, qself, true);
-        } else {
-            self.print_path(path, true, 0);
-        }
-        self.word("{");
-        self.commasep_cmnt(
-            Consistent,
-            fields,
-            |s, field| {
-                s.print_outer_attributes(&field.attrs);
-                s.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
-                if !field.is_shorthand {
-                    s.print_ident(field.ident);
-                    s.word_space(":");
-                }
-                s.print_expr(&field.expr);
-                s.end();
-            },
-            |f| f.span,
-        );
-        match rest {
-            ast::StructRest::Base(_) | ast::StructRest::Rest(_) => {
-                self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
-                if !fields.is_empty() {
-                    self.word(",");
-                    self.space();
-                }
-                self.word("..");
-                if let ast::StructRest::Base(ref expr) = *rest {
-                    self.print_expr(expr);
-                }
-                self.end();
-            }
-            ast::StructRest::None if !fields.is_empty() => self.word(","),
-            _ => {}
-        }
-        self.word("}");
-    }
-
-    fn print_expr_tup(&mut self, exprs: &[P<ast::Expr>]) {
-        self.popen();
-        self.commasep_exprs(Inconsistent, exprs);
-        if exprs.len() == 1 {
-            self.word(",");
-        }
-        self.pclose()
-    }
-
-    fn print_expr_call(&mut self, func: &ast::Expr, args: &[P<ast::Expr>]) {
-        let prec = match func.kind {
-            ast::ExprKind::Field(..) => parser::PREC_FORCE_PAREN,
-            _ => parser::PREC_POSTFIX,
-        };
-
-        self.print_expr_maybe_paren(func, prec);
-        self.print_call_post(args)
-    }
-
-    fn print_expr_method_call(&mut self, segment: &ast::PathSegment, args: &[P<ast::Expr>]) {
-        let base_args = &args[1..];
-        self.print_expr_maybe_paren(&args[0], parser::PREC_POSTFIX);
-        self.word(".");
-        self.print_ident(segment.ident);
-        if let Some(ref args) = segment.args {
-            self.print_generic_args(args, true);
-        }
-        self.print_call_post(base_args)
-    }
-
-    fn print_expr_binary(&mut self, op: ast::BinOp, lhs: &ast::Expr, rhs: &ast::Expr) {
-        let assoc_op = AssocOp::from_ast_binop(op.node);
-        let prec = assoc_op.precedence() as i8;
-        let fixity = assoc_op.fixity();
-
-        let (left_prec, right_prec) = match fixity {
-            Fixity::Left => (prec, prec + 1),
-            Fixity::Right => (prec + 1, prec),
-            Fixity::None => (prec + 1, prec + 1),
-        };
-
-        let left_prec = match (&lhs.kind, op.node) {
-            // These cases need parens: `x as i32 < y` has the parser thinking that `i32 < y` is
-            // the beginning of a path type. It starts trying to parse `x as (i32 < y ...` instead
-            // of `(x as i32) < ...`. We need to convince it _not_ to do that.
-            (&ast::ExprKind::Cast { .. }, ast::BinOpKind::Lt | ast::BinOpKind::Shl) => {
-                parser::PREC_FORCE_PAREN
-            }
-            // We are given `(let _ = a) OP b`.
-            //
-            // - When `OP <= LAnd` we should print `let _ = a OP b` to avoid redundant parens
-            //   as the parser will interpret this as `(let _ = a) OP b`.
-            //
-            // - Otherwise, e.g. when we have `(let a = b) < c` in AST,
-            //   parens are required since the parser would interpret `let a = b < c` as
-            //   `let a = (b < c)`. To achieve this, we force parens.
-            (&ast::ExprKind::Let { .. }, _) if !parser::needs_par_as_let_scrutinee(prec) => {
-                parser::PREC_FORCE_PAREN
-            }
-            _ => left_prec,
-        };
-
-        self.print_expr_maybe_paren(lhs, left_prec);
-        self.space();
-        self.word_space(op.node.to_string());
-        self.print_expr_maybe_paren(rhs, right_prec)
-    }
-
-    fn print_expr_unary(&mut self, op: ast::UnOp, expr: &ast::Expr) {
-        self.word(ast::UnOp::to_string(op));
-        self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_PREFIX)
-    }
-
-    fn print_expr_addr_of(
-        &mut self,
-        kind: ast::BorrowKind,
-        mutability: ast::Mutability,
-        expr: &ast::Expr,
-    ) {
-        self.word("&");
-        match kind {
-            ast::BorrowKind::Ref => self.print_mutability(mutability, false),
-            ast::BorrowKind::Raw => {
-                self.word_nbsp("raw");
-                self.print_mutability(mutability, true);
-            }
-        }
-        self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_PREFIX)
-    }
-
-    pub fn print_expr(&mut self, expr: &ast::Expr) {
-        self.print_expr_outer_attr_style(expr, true)
-    }
-
-    fn print_expr_outer_attr_style(&mut self, expr: &ast::Expr, is_inline: bool) {
-        self.maybe_print_comment(expr.span.lo());
-
-        let attrs = &expr.attrs;
-        if is_inline {
-            self.print_outer_attributes_inline(attrs);
-        } else {
-            self.print_outer_attributes(attrs);
-        }
-
-        self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
-        self.ann.pre(self, AnnNode::Expr(expr));
-        match expr.kind {
-            ast::ExprKind::Box(ref expr) => {
-                self.word_space("box");
-                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_PREFIX);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Array(ref exprs) => {
-                self.print_expr_vec(exprs);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::ConstBlock(ref anon_const) => {
-                self.print_expr_anon_const(anon_const);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Repeat(ref element, ref count) => {
-                self.print_expr_repeat(element, count);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Struct(ref se) => {
-                self.print_expr_struct(&se.qself, &se.path, &se.fields, &se.rest);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Tup(ref exprs) => {
-                self.print_expr_tup(exprs);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Call(ref func, ref args) => {
-                self.print_expr_call(func, &args);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::MethodCall(ref segment, ref args, _) => {
-                self.print_expr_method_call(segment, &args);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Binary(op, ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
-                self.print_expr_binary(op, lhs, rhs);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Unary(op, ref expr) => {
-                self.print_expr_unary(op, expr);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::AddrOf(k, m, ref expr) => {
-                self.print_expr_addr_of(k, m, expr);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Lit(ref lit) => {
-                self.print_literal(lit);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Cast(ref expr, ref ty) => {
-                let prec = AssocOp::As.precedence() as i8;
-                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, prec);
-                self.space();
-                self.word_space("as");
-                self.print_type(ty);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Type(ref expr, ref ty) => {
-                let prec = AssocOp::Colon.precedence() as i8;
-                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, prec);
-                self.word_space(":");
-                self.print_type(ty);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Let(ref pat, ref scrutinee, _) => {
-                self.print_let(pat, scrutinee);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::If(ref test, ref blk, ref elseopt) => {
-                self.print_if(test, blk, elseopt.as_deref())
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::While(ref test, ref blk, opt_label) => {
-                if let Some(label) = opt_label {
-                    self.print_ident(label.ident);
-                    self.word_space(":");
-                }
-                self.head("while");
-                self.print_expr_as_cond(test);
-                self.space();
-                self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::ForLoop(ref pat, ref iter, ref blk, opt_label) => {
-                if let Some(label) = opt_label {
-                    self.print_ident(label.ident);
-                    self.word_space(":");
-                }
-                self.head("for");
-                self.print_pat(pat);
-                self.space();
-                self.word_space("in");
-                self.print_expr_as_cond(iter);
-                self.space();
-                self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Loop(ref blk, opt_label) => {
-                if let Some(label) = opt_label {
-                    self.print_ident(label.ident);
-                    self.word_space(":");
-                }
-                self.head("loop");
-                self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Match(ref expr, ref arms) => {
-                self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT);
-                self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
-                self.word_nbsp("match");
-                self.print_expr_as_cond(expr);
-                self.space();
-                self.bopen();
-                self.print_inner_attributes_no_trailing_hardbreak(attrs);
-                for arm in arms {
-                    self.print_arm(arm);
-                }
-                let empty = attrs.is_empty() && arms.is_empty();
-                self.bclose(expr.span, empty);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Closure(
-                capture_clause,
-                asyncness,
-                movability,
-                ref decl,
-                ref body,
-                _,
-            ) => {
-                self.print_movability(movability);
-                self.print_asyncness(asyncness);
-                self.print_capture_clause(capture_clause);
-
-                self.print_fn_params_and_ret(decl, true);
-                self.space();
-                self.print_expr(body);
-                self.end(); // need to close a box
-
-                // a box will be closed by print_expr, but we didn't want an overall
-                // wrapper so we closed the corresponding opening. so create an
-                // empty box to satisfy the close.
-                self.ibox(0);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Block(ref blk, opt_label) => {
-                if let Some(label) = opt_label {
-                    self.print_ident(label.ident);
-                    self.word_space(":");
-                }
-                // containing cbox, will be closed by print-block at }
-                self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT);
-                // head-box, will be closed by print-block after {
-                self.ibox(0);
-                self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Async(capture_clause, _, ref blk) => {
-                self.word_nbsp("async");
-                self.print_capture_clause(capture_clause);
-                // cbox/ibox in analogy to the `ExprKind::Block` arm above
-                self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT);
-                self.ibox(0);
-                self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Await(ref expr) => {
-                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_POSTFIX);
-                self.word(".await");
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Assign(ref lhs, ref rhs, _) => {
-                let prec = AssocOp::Assign.precedence() as i8;
-                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(lhs, prec + 1);
-                self.space();
-                self.word_space("=");
-                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(rhs, prec);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::AssignOp(op, ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
-                let prec = AssocOp::Assign.precedence() as i8;
-                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(lhs, prec + 1);
-                self.space();
-                self.word(op.node.to_string());
-                self.word_space("=");
-                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(rhs, prec);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Field(ref expr, ident) => {
-                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_POSTFIX);
-                self.word(".");
-                self.print_ident(ident);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Index(ref expr, ref index) => {
-                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_POSTFIX);
-                self.word("[");
-                self.print_expr(index);
-                self.word("]");
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Range(ref start, ref end, limits) => {
-                // Special case for `Range`.  `AssocOp` claims that `Range` has higher precedence
-                // than `Assign`, but `x .. x = x` gives a parse error instead of `x .. (x = x)`.
-                // Here we use a fake precedence value so that any child with lower precedence than
-                // a "normal" binop gets parenthesized.  (`LOr` is the lowest-precedence binop.)
-                let fake_prec = AssocOp::LOr.precedence() as i8;
-                if let Some(ref e) = *start {
-                    self.print_expr_maybe_paren(e, fake_prec);
-                }
-                if limits == ast::RangeLimits::HalfOpen {
-                    self.word("..");
-                } else {
-                    self.word("..=");
-                }
-                if let Some(ref e) = *end {
-                    self.print_expr_maybe_paren(e, fake_prec);
-                }
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Underscore => self.word("_"),
-            ast::ExprKind::Path(None, ref path) => self.print_path(path, true, 0),
-            ast::ExprKind::Path(Some(ref qself), ref path) => self.print_qpath(path, qself, true),
-            ast::ExprKind::Break(opt_label, ref opt_expr) => {
-                self.word("break");
-                if let Some(label) = opt_label {
-                    self.space();
-                    self.print_ident(label.ident);
-                }
-                if let Some(ref expr) = *opt_expr {
-                    self.space();
-                    self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_JUMP);
-                }
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Continue(opt_label) => {
-                self.word("continue");
-                if let Some(label) = opt_label {
-                    self.space();
-                    self.print_ident(label.ident);
-                }
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Ret(ref result) => {
-                self.word("return");
-                if let Some(ref expr) = *result {
-                    self.word(" ");
-                    self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_JUMP);
-                }
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::InlineAsm(ref a) => {
-                self.word("asm!");
-                self.print_inline_asm(a);
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::LlvmInlineAsm(ref a) => {
-                self.word("llvm_asm!");
-                self.popen();
-                self.print_symbol(a.asm, a.asm_str_style);
-                self.word_space(":");
-
-                self.commasep(Inconsistent, &a.outputs, |s, out| {
-                    let constraint = out.constraint.as_str();
-                    let mut ch = constraint.chars();
-                    match ch.next() {
-                        Some('=') if out.is_rw => {
-                            s.print_string(&format!("+{}", ch.as_str()), ast::StrStyle::Cooked)
-                        }
-                        _ => s.print_string(&constraint, ast::StrStyle::Cooked),
-                    }
-                    s.popen();
-                    s.print_expr(&out.expr);
-                    s.pclose();
-                });
-                self.space();
-                self.word_space(":");
-
-                self.commasep(Inconsistent, &a.inputs, |s, &(co, ref o)| {
-                    s.print_symbol(co, ast::StrStyle::Cooked);
-                    s.popen();
-                    s.print_expr(o);
-                    s.pclose();
-                });
-                self.space();
-                self.word_space(":");
-
-                self.commasep(Inconsistent, &a.clobbers, |s, &co| {
-                    s.print_symbol(co, ast::StrStyle::Cooked);
-                });
-
-                let mut options = vec![];
-                if a.volatile {
-                    options.push("volatile");
-                }
-                if a.alignstack {
-                    options.push("alignstack");
-                }
-                if a.dialect == ast::LlvmAsmDialect::Intel {
-                    options.push("intel");
-                }
-
-                if !options.is_empty() {
-                    self.space();
-                    self.word_space(":");
-                    self.commasep(Inconsistent, &options, |s, &co| {
-                        s.print_string(co, ast::StrStyle::Cooked);
-                    });
-                }
-
-                self.pclose();
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::MacCall(ref m) => self.print_mac(m),
-            ast::ExprKind::Paren(ref e) => {
-                self.popen();
-                self.print_expr(e);
-                self.pclose();
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Yield(ref e) => {
-                self.word("yield");
-
-                if let Some(ref expr) = *e {
-                    self.space();
-                    self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_JUMP);
-                }
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Try(ref e) => {
-                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(e, parser::PREC_POSTFIX);
-                self.word("?")
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::TryBlock(ref blk) => {
-                self.head("try");
-                self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs)
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::Err => {
-                self.popen();
-                self.word("/*ERROR*/");
-                self.pclose()
-            }
-        }
-        self.ann.post(self, AnnNode::Expr(expr));
-        self.end();
-    }
-
     fn print_inline_asm(&mut self, asm: &ast::InlineAsm) {
         enum AsmArg<'a> {
             Template(String),
@@ -2551,48 +1482,6 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.ann.post(self, AnnNode::Pat(pat))
     }
 
-    fn print_arm(&mut self, arm: &ast::Arm) {
-        // Note, I have no idea why this check is necessary, but here it is.
-        if arm.attrs.is_empty() {
-            self.space();
-        }
-        self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT);
-        self.ibox(0);
-        self.maybe_print_comment(arm.pat.span.lo());
-        self.print_outer_attributes(&arm.attrs);
-        self.print_pat(&arm.pat);
-        self.space();
-        if let Some(ref e) = arm.guard {
-            self.word_space("if");
-            self.print_expr(e);
-            self.space();
-        }
-        self.word_space("=>");
-
-        match arm.body.kind {
-            ast::ExprKind::Block(ref blk, opt_label) => {
-                if let Some(label) = opt_label {
-                    self.print_ident(label.ident);
-                    self.word_space(":");
-                }
-
-                // The block will close the pattern's ibox.
-                self.print_block_unclosed_indent(blk);
-
-                // If it is a user-provided unsafe block, print a comma after it.
-                if let BlockCheckMode::Unsafe(ast::UserProvided) = blk.rules {
-                    self.word(",");
-                }
-            }
-            _ => {
-                self.end(); // Close the ibox for the pattern.
-                self.print_expr(&arm.body);
-                self.word(",");
-            }
-        }
-        self.end(); // Close enclosing cbox.
-    }
-
     fn print_explicit_self(&mut self, explicit_self: &ast::ExplicitSelf) {
         match explicit_self.node {
             SelfKind::Value(m) => {
@@ -2614,75 +1503,12 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn print_fn_full(
-        &mut self,
-        sig: &ast::FnSig,
-        name: Ident,
-        generics: &ast::Generics,
-        vis: &ast::Visibility,
-        defaultness: ast::Defaultness,
-        body: Option<&ast::Block>,
-        attrs: &[ast::Attribute],
-    ) {
-        if body.is_some() {
-            self.head("");
-        }
-        self.print_visibility(vis);
-        self.print_defaultness(defaultness);
-        self.print_fn(&sig.decl, sig.header, Some(name), generics);
-        if let Some(body) = body {
-            self.nbsp();
-            self.print_block_with_attrs(body, attrs);
-        } else {
-            self.word(";");
-        }
-    }
-
-    crate fn print_fn(
-        &mut self,
-        decl: &ast::FnDecl,
-        header: ast::FnHeader,
-        name: Option<Ident>,
-        generics: &ast::Generics,
-    ) {
-        self.print_fn_header_info(header);
-        if let Some(name) = name {
-            self.nbsp();
-            self.print_ident(name);
-        }
-        self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
-        self.print_fn_params_and_ret(decl, false);
-        self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause)
-    }
-
-    crate fn print_fn_params_and_ret(&mut self, decl: &ast::FnDecl, is_closure: bool) {
-        let (open, close) = if is_closure { ("|", "|") } else { ("(", ")") };
-        self.word(open);
-        self.commasep(Inconsistent, &decl.inputs, |s, param| s.print_param(param, is_closure));
-        self.word(close);
-        self.print_fn_ret_ty(&decl.output)
-    }
-
-    crate fn print_movability(&mut self, movability: ast::Movability) {
-        match movability {
-            ast::Movability::Static => self.word_space("static"),
-            ast::Movability::Movable => {}
-        }
-    }
-
     crate fn print_asyncness(&mut self, asyncness: ast::Async) {
         if asyncness.is_async() {
             self.word_nbsp("async");
         }
     }
 
-    crate fn print_capture_clause(&mut self, capture_clause: ast::CaptureBy) {
-        match capture_clause {
-            ast::CaptureBy::Value => self.word_space("move"),
-            ast::CaptureBy::Ref => {}
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn print_type_bounds(&mut self, prefix: &'static str, bounds: &[ast::GenericBound]) {
         if !bounds.is_empty() {
             self.word(prefix);
@@ -2777,83 +1603,6 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.word(">");
     }
 
-    crate fn print_where_clause(&mut self, where_clause: &ast::WhereClause) {
-        if where_clause.predicates.is_empty() && !where_clause.has_where_token {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        self.space();
-        self.word_space("where");
-
-        for (i, predicate) in where_clause.predicates.iter().enumerate() {
-            if i != 0 {
-                self.word_space(",");
-            }
-
-            self.print_where_predicate(predicate);
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn print_where_predicate(&mut self, predicate: &ast::WherePredicate) {
-        match predicate {
-            ast::WherePredicate::BoundPredicate(ast::WhereBoundPredicate {
-                bound_generic_params,
-                bounded_ty,
-                bounds,
-                ..
-            }) => {
-                self.print_formal_generic_params(bound_generic_params);
-                self.print_type(bounded_ty);
-                self.print_type_bounds(":", bounds);
-            }
-            ast::WherePredicate::RegionPredicate(ast::WhereRegionPredicate {
-                lifetime,
-                bounds,
-                ..
-            }) => {
-                self.print_lifetime_bounds(*lifetime, bounds);
-            }
-            ast::WherePredicate::EqPredicate(ast::WhereEqPredicate { lhs_ty, rhs_ty, .. }) => {
-                self.print_type(lhs_ty);
-                self.space();
-                self.word_space("=");
-                self.print_type(rhs_ty);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    crate fn print_use_tree(&mut self, tree: &ast::UseTree) {
-        match tree.kind {
-            ast::UseTreeKind::Simple(rename, ..) => {
-                self.print_path(&tree.prefix, false, 0);
-                if let Some(rename) = rename {
-                    self.space();
-                    self.word_space("as");
-                    self.print_ident(rename);
-                }
-            }
-            ast::UseTreeKind::Glob => {
-                if !tree.prefix.segments.is_empty() {
-                    self.print_path(&tree.prefix, false, 0);
-                    self.word("::");
-                }
-                self.word("*");
-            }
-            ast::UseTreeKind::Nested(ref items) => {
-                if tree.prefix.segments.is_empty() {
-                    self.word("{");
-                } else {
-                    self.print_path(&tree.prefix, false, 0);
-                    self.word("::{");
-                }
-                self.commasep(Inconsistent, &items, |this, &(ref tree, _)| {
-                    this.print_use_tree(tree)
-                });
-                self.word("}");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn print_mutability(&mut self, mutbl: ast::Mutability, print_const: bool) {
         match mutbl {
             ast::Mutability::Mut => self.word_nbsp("mut"),
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state/expr.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state/expr.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..daecc8168d091
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state/expr.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,627 @@
+use crate::pp::Breaks::{Consistent, Inconsistent};
+use crate::pprust::state::{AnnNode, PrintState, State, INDENT_UNIT};
+
+use rustc_ast::ptr::P;
+use rustc_ast::util::parser::{self, AssocOp, Fixity};
+use rustc_ast::{self as ast, BlockCheckMode};
+
+impl<'a> State<'a> {
+    fn print_else(&mut self, els: Option<&ast::Expr>) {
+        if let Some(_else) = els {
+            match _else.kind {
+                // Another `else if` block.
+                ast::ExprKind::If(ref i, ref then, ref e) => {
+                    self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT - 1);
+                    self.ibox(0);
+                    self.word(" else if ");
+                    self.print_expr_as_cond(i);
+                    self.space();
+                    self.print_block(then);
+                    self.print_else(e.as_deref())
+                }
+                // Final `else` block.
+                ast::ExprKind::Block(ref b, _) => {
+                    self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT - 1);
+                    self.ibox(0);
+                    self.word(" else ");
+                    self.print_block(b)
+                }
+                // Constraints would be great here!
+                _ => {
+                    panic!("print_if saw if with weird alternative");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn print_if(&mut self, test: &ast::Expr, blk: &ast::Block, elseopt: Option<&ast::Expr>) {
+        self.head("if");
+        self.print_expr_as_cond(test);
+        self.space();
+        self.print_block(blk);
+        self.print_else(elseopt)
+    }
+
+    fn print_call_post(&mut self, args: &[P<ast::Expr>]) {
+        self.popen();
+        self.commasep_exprs(Inconsistent, args);
+        self.pclose()
+    }
+
+    fn print_expr_maybe_paren(&mut self, expr: &ast::Expr, prec: i8) {
+        self.print_expr_cond_paren(expr, expr.precedence().order() < prec)
+    }
+
+    /// Prints an expr using syntax that's acceptable in a condition position, such as the `cond` in
+    /// `if cond { ... }`.
+    fn print_expr_as_cond(&mut self, expr: &ast::Expr) {
+        self.print_expr_cond_paren(expr, Self::cond_needs_par(expr))
+    }
+
+    // Does `expr` need parentheses when printed in a condition position?
+    //
+    // These cases need parens due to the parse error observed in #26461: `if return {}`
+    // parses as the erroneous construct `if (return {})`, not `if (return) {}`.
+    pub(super) fn cond_needs_par(expr: &ast::Expr) -> bool {
+        match expr.kind {
+            ast::ExprKind::Break(..) | ast::ExprKind::Closure(..) | ast::ExprKind::Ret(..) => true,
+            _ => parser::contains_exterior_struct_lit(expr),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Prints `expr` or `(expr)` when `needs_par` holds.
+    pub(super) fn print_expr_cond_paren(&mut self, expr: &ast::Expr, needs_par: bool) {
+        if needs_par {
+            self.popen();
+        }
+        self.print_expr(expr);
+        if needs_par {
+            self.pclose();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn print_expr_vec(&mut self, exprs: &[P<ast::Expr>]) {
+        self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
+        self.word("[");
+        self.commasep_exprs(Inconsistent, exprs);
+        self.word("]");
+        self.end();
+    }
+
+    fn print_expr_anon_const(&mut self, expr: &ast::AnonConst) {
+        self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
+        self.word("const");
+        self.print_expr(&expr.value);
+        self.end();
+    }
+
+    fn print_expr_repeat(&mut self, element: &ast::Expr, count: &ast::AnonConst) {
+        self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
+        self.word("[");
+        self.print_expr(element);
+        self.word_space(";");
+        self.print_expr(&count.value);
+        self.word("]");
+        self.end();
+    }
+
+    fn print_expr_struct(
+        &mut self,
+        qself: &Option<ast::QSelf>,
+        path: &ast::Path,
+        fields: &[ast::ExprField],
+        rest: &ast::StructRest,
+    ) {
+        if let Some(qself) = qself {
+            self.print_qpath(path, qself, true);
+        } else {
+            self.print_path(path, true, 0);
+        }
+        self.word("{");
+        self.commasep_cmnt(
+            Consistent,
+            fields,
+            |s, field| {
+                s.print_outer_attributes(&field.attrs);
+                s.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
+                if !field.is_shorthand {
+                    s.print_ident(field.ident);
+                    s.word_space(":");
+                }
+                s.print_expr(&field.expr);
+                s.end();
+            },
+            |f| f.span,
+        );
+        match rest {
+            ast::StructRest::Base(_) | ast::StructRest::Rest(_) => {
+                self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
+                if !fields.is_empty() {
+                    self.word(",");
+                    self.space();
+                }
+                self.word("..");
+                if let ast::StructRest::Base(ref expr) = *rest {
+                    self.print_expr(expr);
+                }
+                self.end();
+            }
+            ast::StructRest::None if !fields.is_empty() => self.word(","),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        self.word("}");
+    }
+
+    fn print_expr_tup(&mut self, exprs: &[P<ast::Expr>]) {
+        self.popen();
+        self.commasep_exprs(Inconsistent, exprs);
+        if exprs.len() == 1 {
+            self.word(",");
+        }
+        self.pclose()
+    }
+
+    fn print_expr_call(&mut self, func: &ast::Expr, args: &[P<ast::Expr>]) {
+        let prec = match func.kind {
+            ast::ExprKind::Field(..) => parser::PREC_FORCE_PAREN,
+            _ => parser::PREC_POSTFIX,
+        };
+
+        self.print_expr_maybe_paren(func, prec);
+        self.print_call_post(args)
+    }
+
+    fn print_expr_method_call(&mut self, segment: &ast::PathSegment, args: &[P<ast::Expr>]) {
+        let base_args = &args[1..];
+        self.print_expr_maybe_paren(&args[0], parser::PREC_POSTFIX);
+        self.word(".");
+        self.print_ident(segment.ident);
+        if let Some(ref args) = segment.args {
+            self.print_generic_args(args, true);
+        }
+        self.print_call_post(base_args)
+    }
+
+    fn print_expr_binary(&mut self, op: ast::BinOp, lhs: &ast::Expr, rhs: &ast::Expr) {
+        let assoc_op = AssocOp::from_ast_binop(op.node);
+        let prec = assoc_op.precedence() as i8;
+        let fixity = assoc_op.fixity();
+
+        let (left_prec, right_prec) = match fixity {
+            Fixity::Left => (prec, prec + 1),
+            Fixity::Right => (prec + 1, prec),
+            Fixity::None => (prec + 1, prec + 1),
+        };
+
+        let left_prec = match (&lhs.kind, op.node) {
+            // These cases need parens: `x as i32 < y` has the parser thinking that `i32 < y` is
+            // the beginning of a path type. It starts trying to parse `x as (i32 < y ...` instead
+            // of `(x as i32) < ...`. We need to convince it _not_ to do that.
+            (&ast::ExprKind::Cast { .. }, ast::BinOpKind::Lt | ast::BinOpKind::Shl) => {
+                parser::PREC_FORCE_PAREN
+            }
+            // We are given `(let _ = a) OP b`.
+            //
+            // - When `OP <= LAnd` we should print `let _ = a OP b` to avoid redundant parens
+            //   as the parser will interpret this as `(let _ = a) OP b`.
+            //
+            // - Otherwise, e.g. when we have `(let a = b) < c` in AST,
+            //   parens are required since the parser would interpret `let a = b < c` as
+            //   `let a = (b < c)`. To achieve this, we force parens.
+            (&ast::ExprKind::Let { .. }, _) if !parser::needs_par_as_let_scrutinee(prec) => {
+                parser::PREC_FORCE_PAREN
+            }
+            _ => left_prec,
+        };
+
+        self.print_expr_maybe_paren(lhs, left_prec);
+        self.space();
+        self.word_space(op.node.to_string());
+        self.print_expr_maybe_paren(rhs, right_prec)
+    }
+
+    fn print_expr_unary(&mut self, op: ast::UnOp, expr: &ast::Expr) {
+        self.word(ast::UnOp::to_string(op));
+        self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_PREFIX)
+    }
+
+    fn print_expr_addr_of(
+        &mut self,
+        kind: ast::BorrowKind,
+        mutability: ast::Mutability,
+        expr: &ast::Expr,
+    ) {
+        self.word("&");
+        match kind {
+            ast::BorrowKind::Ref => self.print_mutability(mutability, false),
+            ast::BorrowKind::Raw => {
+                self.word_nbsp("raw");
+                self.print_mutability(mutability, true);
+            }
+        }
+        self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_PREFIX)
+    }
+
+    pub fn print_expr(&mut self, expr: &ast::Expr) {
+        self.print_expr_outer_attr_style(expr, true)
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn print_expr_outer_attr_style(&mut self, expr: &ast::Expr, is_inline: bool) {
+        self.maybe_print_comment(expr.span.lo());
+
+        let attrs = &expr.attrs;
+        if is_inline {
+            self.print_outer_attributes_inline(attrs);
+        } else {
+            self.print_outer_attributes(attrs);
+        }
+
+        self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
+        self.ann.pre(self, AnnNode::Expr(expr));
+        match expr.kind {
+            ast::ExprKind::Box(ref expr) => {
+                self.word_space("box");
+                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_PREFIX);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Array(ref exprs) => {
+                self.print_expr_vec(exprs);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::ConstBlock(ref anon_const) => {
+                self.print_expr_anon_const(anon_const);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Repeat(ref element, ref count) => {
+                self.print_expr_repeat(element, count);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Struct(ref se) => {
+                self.print_expr_struct(&se.qself, &se.path, &se.fields, &se.rest);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Tup(ref exprs) => {
+                self.print_expr_tup(exprs);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Call(ref func, ref args) => {
+                self.print_expr_call(func, &args);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::MethodCall(ref segment, ref args, _) => {
+                self.print_expr_method_call(segment, &args);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Binary(op, ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
+                self.print_expr_binary(op, lhs, rhs);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Unary(op, ref expr) => {
+                self.print_expr_unary(op, expr);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::AddrOf(k, m, ref expr) => {
+                self.print_expr_addr_of(k, m, expr);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Lit(ref lit) => {
+                self.print_literal(lit);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Cast(ref expr, ref ty) => {
+                let prec = AssocOp::As.precedence() as i8;
+                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, prec);
+                self.space();
+                self.word_space("as");
+                self.print_type(ty);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Type(ref expr, ref ty) => {
+                let prec = AssocOp::Colon.precedence() as i8;
+                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, prec);
+                self.word_space(":");
+                self.print_type(ty);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Let(ref pat, ref scrutinee, _) => {
+                self.print_let(pat, scrutinee);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::If(ref test, ref blk, ref elseopt) => {
+                self.print_if(test, blk, elseopt.as_deref())
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::While(ref test, ref blk, opt_label) => {
+                if let Some(label) = opt_label {
+                    self.print_ident(label.ident);
+                    self.word_space(":");
+                }
+                self.head("while");
+                self.print_expr_as_cond(test);
+                self.space();
+                self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::ForLoop(ref pat, ref iter, ref blk, opt_label) => {
+                if let Some(label) = opt_label {
+                    self.print_ident(label.ident);
+                    self.word_space(":");
+                }
+                self.head("for");
+                self.print_pat(pat);
+                self.space();
+                self.word_space("in");
+                self.print_expr_as_cond(iter);
+                self.space();
+                self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Loop(ref blk, opt_label) => {
+                if let Some(label) = opt_label {
+                    self.print_ident(label.ident);
+                    self.word_space(":");
+                }
+                self.head("loop");
+                self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Match(ref expr, ref arms) => {
+                self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT);
+                self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
+                self.word_nbsp("match");
+                self.print_expr_as_cond(expr);
+                self.space();
+                self.bopen();
+                self.print_inner_attributes_no_trailing_hardbreak(attrs);
+                for arm in arms {
+                    self.print_arm(arm);
+                }
+                let empty = attrs.is_empty() && arms.is_empty();
+                self.bclose(expr.span, empty);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Closure(
+                capture_clause,
+                asyncness,
+                movability,
+                ref decl,
+                ref body,
+                _,
+            ) => {
+                self.print_movability(movability);
+                self.print_asyncness(asyncness);
+                self.print_capture_clause(capture_clause);
+
+                self.print_fn_params_and_ret(decl, true);
+                self.space();
+                self.print_expr(body);
+                self.end(); // need to close a box
+
+                // a box will be closed by print_expr, but we didn't want an overall
+                // wrapper so we closed the corresponding opening. so create an
+                // empty box to satisfy the close.
+                self.ibox(0);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Block(ref blk, opt_label) => {
+                if let Some(label) = opt_label {
+                    self.print_ident(label.ident);
+                    self.word_space(":");
+                }
+                // containing cbox, will be closed by print-block at }
+                self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT);
+                // head-box, will be closed by print-block after {
+                self.ibox(0);
+                self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Async(capture_clause, _, ref blk) => {
+                self.word_nbsp("async");
+                self.print_capture_clause(capture_clause);
+                // cbox/ibox in analogy to the `ExprKind::Block` arm above
+                self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT);
+                self.ibox(0);
+                self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Await(ref expr) => {
+                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_POSTFIX);
+                self.word(".await");
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Assign(ref lhs, ref rhs, _) => {
+                let prec = AssocOp::Assign.precedence() as i8;
+                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(lhs, prec + 1);
+                self.space();
+                self.word_space("=");
+                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(rhs, prec);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::AssignOp(op, ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
+                let prec = AssocOp::Assign.precedence() as i8;
+                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(lhs, prec + 1);
+                self.space();
+                self.word(op.node.to_string());
+                self.word_space("=");
+                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(rhs, prec);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Field(ref expr, ident) => {
+                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_POSTFIX);
+                self.word(".");
+                self.print_ident(ident);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Index(ref expr, ref index) => {
+                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_POSTFIX);
+                self.word("[");
+                self.print_expr(index);
+                self.word("]");
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Range(ref start, ref end, limits) => {
+                // Special case for `Range`.  `AssocOp` claims that `Range` has higher precedence
+                // than `Assign`, but `x .. x = x` gives a parse error instead of `x .. (x = x)`.
+                // Here we use a fake precedence value so that any child with lower precedence than
+                // a "normal" binop gets parenthesized.  (`LOr` is the lowest-precedence binop.)
+                let fake_prec = AssocOp::LOr.precedence() as i8;
+                if let Some(ref e) = *start {
+                    self.print_expr_maybe_paren(e, fake_prec);
+                }
+                if limits == ast::RangeLimits::HalfOpen {
+                    self.word("..");
+                } else {
+                    self.word("..=");
+                }
+                if let Some(ref e) = *end {
+                    self.print_expr_maybe_paren(e, fake_prec);
+                }
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Underscore => self.word("_"),
+            ast::ExprKind::Path(None, ref path) => self.print_path(path, true, 0),
+            ast::ExprKind::Path(Some(ref qself), ref path) => self.print_qpath(path, qself, true),
+            ast::ExprKind::Break(opt_label, ref opt_expr) => {
+                self.word("break");
+                if let Some(label) = opt_label {
+                    self.space();
+                    self.print_ident(label.ident);
+                }
+                if let Some(ref expr) = *opt_expr {
+                    self.space();
+                    self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_JUMP);
+                }
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Continue(opt_label) => {
+                self.word("continue");
+                if let Some(label) = opt_label {
+                    self.space();
+                    self.print_ident(label.ident);
+                }
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Ret(ref result) => {
+                self.word("return");
+                if let Some(ref expr) = *result {
+                    self.word(" ");
+                    self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_JUMP);
+                }
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::InlineAsm(ref a) => {
+                self.word("asm!");
+                self.print_inline_asm(a);
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::LlvmInlineAsm(ref a) => {
+                self.word("llvm_asm!");
+                self.popen();
+                self.print_symbol(a.asm, a.asm_str_style);
+                self.word_space(":");
+
+                self.commasep(Inconsistent, &a.outputs, |s, out| {
+                    let constraint = out.constraint.as_str();
+                    let mut ch = constraint.chars();
+                    match ch.next() {
+                        Some('=') if out.is_rw => {
+                            s.print_string(&format!("+{}", ch.as_str()), ast::StrStyle::Cooked)
+                        }
+                        _ => s.print_string(&constraint, ast::StrStyle::Cooked),
+                    }
+                    s.popen();
+                    s.print_expr(&out.expr);
+                    s.pclose();
+                });
+                self.space();
+                self.word_space(":");
+
+                self.commasep(Inconsistent, &a.inputs, |s, &(co, ref o)| {
+                    s.print_symbol(co, ast::StrStyle::Cooked);
+                    s.popen();
+                    s.print_expr(o);
+                    s.pclose();
+                });
+                self.space();
+                self.word_space(":");
+
+                self.commasep(Inconsistent, &a.clobbers, |s, &co| {
+                    s.print_symbol(co, ast::StrStyle::Cooked);
+                });
+
+                let mut options = vec![];
+                if a.volatile {
+                    options.push("volatile");
+                }
+                if a.alignstack {
+                    options.push("alignstack");
+                }
+                if a.dialect == ast::LlvmAsmDialect::Intel {
+                    options.push("intel");
+                }
+
+                if !options.is_empty() {
+                    self.space();
+                    self.word_space(":");
+                    self.commasep(Inconsistent, &options, |s, &co| {
+                        s.print_string(co, ast::StrStyle::Cooked);
+                    });
+                }
+
+                self.pclose();
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::MacCall(ref m) => self.print_mac(m),
+            ast::ExprKind::Paren(ref e) => {
+                self.popen();
+                self.print_expr(e);
+                self.pclose();
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Yield(ref e) => {
+                self.word("yield");
+
+                if let Some(ref expr) = *e {
+                    self.space();
+                    self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_JUMP);
+                }
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Try(ref e) => {
+                self.print_expr_maybe_paren(e, parser::PREC_POSTFIX);
+                self.word("?")
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::TryBlock(ref blk) => {
+                self.head("try");
+                self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs)
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Err => {
+                self.popen();
+                self.word("/*ERROR*/");
+                self.pclose()
+            }
+        }
+        self.ann.post(self, AnnNode::Expr(expr));
+        self.end();
+    }
+
+    fn print_arm(&mut self, arm: &ast::Arm) {
+        // Note, I have no idea why this check is necessary, but here it is.
+        if arm.attrs.is_empty() {
+            self.space();
+        }
+        self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT);
+        self.ibox(0);
+        self.maybe_print_comment(arm.pat.span.lo());
+        self.print_outer_attributes(&arm.attrs);
+        self.print_pat(&arm.pat);
+        self.space();
+        if let Some(ref e) = arm.guard {
+            self.word_space("if");
+            self.print_expr(e);
+            self.space();
+        }
+        self.word_space("=>");
+
+        match arm.body.kind {
+            ast::ExprKind::Block(ref blk, opt_label) => {
+                if let Some(label) = opt_label {
+                    self.print_ident(label.ident);
+                    self.word_space(":");
+                }
+
+                // The block will close the pattern's ibox.
+                self.print_block_unclosed_indent(blk);
+
+                // If it is a user-provided unsafe block, print a comma after it.
+                if let BlockCheckMode::Unsafe(ast::UserProvided) = blk.rules {
+                    self.word(",");
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {
+                self.end(); // Close the ibox for the pattern.
+                self.print_expr(&arm.body);
+                self.word(",");
+            }
+        }
+        self.end(); // Close enclosing cbox.
+    }
+
+    fn print_movability(&mut self, movability: ast::Movability) {
+        match movability {
+            ast::Movability::Static => self.word_space("static"),
+            ast::Movability::Movable => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn print_capture_clause(&mut self, capture_clause: ast::CaptureBy) {
+        match capture_clause {
+            ast::CaptureBy::Value => self.word_space("move"),
+            ast::CaptureBy::Ref => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state/item.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state/item.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..837734bca627f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state/item.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,644 @@
+use crate::pp::Breaks::Inconsistent;
+use crate::pprust::state::{AnnNode, PrintState, State, INDENT_UNIT};
+
+use rustc_ast as ast;
+use rustc_ast::GenericBound;
+use rustc_ast::ModKind;
+use rustc_span::symbol::Ident;
+
+fn visibility_qualified(vis: &ast::Visibility, s: &str) -> String {
+    format!("{}{}", State::to_string(|s| s.print_visibility(vis)), s)
+}
+
+impl<'a> State<'a> {
+    fn print_foreign_mod(&mut self, nmod: &ast::ForeignMod, attrs: &[ast::Attribute]) {
+        self.print_inner_attributes(attrs);
+        for item in &nmod.items {
+            self.print_foreign_item(item);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn print_foreign_item(&mut self, item: &ast::ForeignItem) {
+        let ast::Item { id, span, ident, ref attrs, ref kind, ref vis, tokens: _ } = *item;
+        self.ann.pre(self, AnnNode::SubItem(id));
+        self.hardbreak_if_not_bol();
+        self.maybe_print_comment(span.lo());
+        self.print_outer_attributes(attrs);
+        match kind {
+            ast::ForeignItemKind::Fn(box ast::Fn { defaultness, sig, generics, body }) => {
+                self.print_fn_full(sig, ident, generics, vis, *defaultness, body.as_deref(), attrs);
+            }
+            ast::ForeignItemKind::Static(ty, mutbl, body) => {
+                let def = ast::Defaultness::Final;
+                self.print_item_const(ident, Some(*mutbl), ty, body.as_deref(), vis, def);
+            }
+            ast::ForeignItemKind::TyAlias(box ast::TyAlias {
+                defaultness,
+                generics,
+                bounds,
+                ty,
+            }) => {
+                self.print_associated_type(
+                    ident,
+                    generics,
+                    bounds,
+                    ty.as_deref(),
+                    vis,
+                    *defaultness,
+                );
+            }
+            ast::ForeignItemKind::MacCall(m) => {
+                self.print_mac(m);
+                if m.args.need_semicolon() {
+                    self.word(";");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.ann.post(self, AnnNode::SubItem(id))
+    }
+
+    fn print_item_const(
+        &mut self,
+        ident: Ident,
+        mutbl: Option<ast::Mutability>,
+        ty: &ast::Ty,
+        body: Option<&ast::Expr>,
+        vis: &ast::Visibility,
+        defaultness: ast::Defaultness,
+    ) {
+        self.head("");
+        self.print_visibility(vis);
+        self.print_defaultness(defaultness);
+        let leading = match mutbl {
+            None => "const",
+            Some(ast::Mutability::Not) => "static",
+            Some(ast::Mutability::Mut) => "static mut",
+        };
+        self.word_space(leading);
+        self.print_ident(ident);
+        self.word_space(":");
+        self.print_type(ty);
+        if body.is_some() {
+            self.space();
+        }
+        self.end(); // end the head-ibox
+        if let Some(body) = body {
+            self.word_space("=");
+            self.print_expr(body);
+        }
+        self.word(";");
+        self.end(); // end the outer cbox
+    }
+
+    fn print_associated_type(
+        &mut self,
+        ident: Ident,
+        generics: &ast::Generics,
+        bounds: &ast::GenericBounds,
+        ty: Option<&ast::Ty>,
+        vis: &ast::Visibility,
+        defaultness: ast::Defaultness,
+    ) {
+        self.head("");
+        self.print_visibility(vis);
+        self.print_defaultness(defaultness);
+        self.word_space("type");
+        self.print_ident(ident);
+        self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
+        self.print_type_bounds(":", bounds);
+        self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause);
+        if let Some(ty) = ty {
+            self.space();
+            self.word_space("=");
+            self.print_type(ty);
+        }
+        self.word(";");
+        self.end(); // end inner head-block
+        self.end(); // end outer head-block
+    }
+
+    /// Pretty-prints an item.
+    crate fn print_item(&mut self, item: &ast::Item) {
+        self.hardbreak_if_not_bol();
+        self.maybe_print_comment(item.span.lo());
+        self.print_outer_attributes(&item.attrs);
+        self.ann.pre(self, AnnNode::Item(item));
+        match item.kind {
+            ast::ItemKind::ExternCrate(orig_name) => {
+                self.head(visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "extern crate"));
+                if let Some(orig_name) = orig_name {
+                    self.print_name(orig_name);
+                    self.space();
+                    self.word("as");
+                    self.space();
+                }
+                self.print_ident(item.ident);
+                self.word(";");
+                self.end(); // end inner head-block
+                self.end(); // end outer head-block
+            }
+            ast::ItemKind::Use(ref tree) => {
+                self.head(visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "use"));
+                self.print_use_tree(tree);
+                self.word(";");
+                self.end(); // end inner head-block
+                self.end(); // end outer head-block
+            }
+            ast::ItemKind::Static(ref ty, mutbl, ref body) => {
+                let def = ast::Defaultness::Final;
+                self.print_item_const(item.ident, Some(mutbl), ty, body.as_deref(), &item.vis, def);
+            }
+            ast::ItemKind::Const(def, ref ty, ref body) => {
+                self.print_item_const(item.ident, None, ty, body.as_deref(), &item.vis, def);
+            }
+            ast::ItemKind::Fn(box ast::Fn { defaultness, ref sig, ref generics, ref body }) => {
+                let body = body.as_deref();
+                self.print_fn_full(
+                    sig,
+                    item.ident,
+                    generics,
+                    &item.vis,
+                    defaultness,
+                    body,
+                    &item.attrs,
+                );
+            }
+            ast::ItemKind::Mod(unsafety, ref mod_kind) => {
+                self.head(Self::to_string(|s| {
+                    s.print_visibility(&item.vis);
+                    s.print_unsafety(unsafety);
+                    s.word("mod");
+                }));
+                self.print_ident(item.ident);
+
+                match mod_kind {
+                    ModKind::Loaded(items, ..) => {
+                        self.nbsp();
+                        self.bopen();
+                        self.print_inner_attributes(&item.attrs);
+                        for item in items {
+                            self.print_item(item);
+                        }
+                        let empty = item.attrs.is_empty() && items.is_empty();
+                        self.bclose(item.span, empty);
+                    }
+                    ModKind::Unloaded => {
+                        self.word(";");
+                        self.end(); // end inner head-block
+                        self.end(); // end outer head-block
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ast::ItemKind::ForeignMod(ref nmod) => {
+                self.head(Self::to_string(|s| {
+                    s.print_unsafety(nmod.unsafety);
+                    s.word("extern");
+                }));
+                if let Some(abi) = nmod.abi {
+                    self.print_literal(&abi.as_lit());
+                    self.nbsp();
+                }
+                self.bopen();
+                self.print_foreign_mod(nmod, &item.attrs);
+                let empty = item.attrs.is_empty() && nmod.items.is_empty();
+                self.bclose(item.span, empty);
+            }
+            ast::ItemKind::GlobalAsm(ref asm) => {
+                self.head(visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "global_asm!"));
+                self.print_inline_asm(asm);
+                self.end();
+            }
+            ast::ItemKind::TyAlias(box ast::TyAlias {
+                defaultness,
+                ref generics,
+                ref bounds,
+                ref ty,
+            }) => {
+                let ty = ty.as_deref();
+                self.print_associated_type(
+                    item.ident,
+                    generics,
+                    bounds,
+                    ty,
+                    &item.vis,
+                    defaultness,
+                );
+            }
+            ast::ItemKind::Enum(ref enum_definition, ref params) => {
+                self.print_enum_def(enum_definition, params, item.ident, item.span, &item.vis);
+            }
+            ast::ItemKind::Struct(ref struct_def, ref generics) => {
+                self.head(visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "struct"));
+                self.print_struct(struct_def, generics, item.ident, item.span, true);
+            }
+            ast::ItemKind::Union(ref struct_def, ref generics) => {
+                self.head(visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "union"));
+                self.print_struct(struct_def, generics, item.ident, item.span, true);
+            }
+            ast::ItemKind::Impl(box ast::Impl {
+                unsafety,
+                polarity,
+                defaultness,
+                constness,
+                ref generics,
+                ref of_trait,
+                ref self_ty,
+                ref items,
+            }) => {
+                self.head("");
+                self.print_visibility(&item.vis);
+                self.print_defaultness(defaultness);
+                self.print_unsafety(unsafety);
+                self.word("impl");
+
+                if generics.params.is_empty() {
+                    self.nbsp();
+                } else {
+                    self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
+                    self.space();
+                }
+
+                self.print_constness(constness);
+
+                if let ast::ImplPolarity::Negative(_) = polarity {
+                    self.word("!");
+                }
+
+                if let Some(ref t) = *of_trait {
+                    self.print_trait_ref(t);
+                    self.space();
+                    self.word_space("for");
+                }
+
+                self.print_type(self_ty);
+                self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause);
+
+                self.space();
+                self.bopen();
+                self.print_inner_attributes(&item.attrs);
+                for impl_item in items {
+                    self.print_assoc_item(impl_item);
+                }
+                let empty = item.attrs.is_empty() && items.is_empty();
+                self.bclose(item.span, empty);
+            }
+            ast::ItemKind::Trait(box ast::Trait {
+                is_auto,
+                unsafety,
+                ref generics,
+                ref bounds,
+                ref items,
+                ..
+            }) => {
+                self.head("");
+                self.print_visibility(&item.vis);
+                self.print_unsafety(unsafety);
+                self.print_is_auto(is_auto);
+                self.word_nbsp("trait");
+                self.print_ident(item.ident);
+                self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
+                let mut real_bounds = Vec::with_capacity(bounds.len());
+                for b in bounds.iter() {
+                    if let GenericBound::Trait(ref ptr, ast::TraitBoundModifier::Maybe) = *b {
+                        self.space();
+                        self.word_space("for ?");
+                        self.print_trait_ref(&ptr.trait_ref);
+                    } else {
+                        real_bounds.push(b.clone());
+                    }
+                }
+                self.print_type_bounds(":", &real_bounds);
+                self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause);
+                self.word(" ");
+                self.bopen();
+                self.print_inner_attributes(&item.attrs);
+                for trait_item in items {
+                    self.print_assoc_item(trait_item);
+                }
+                let empty = item.attrs.is_empty() && items.is_empty();
+                self.bclose(item.span, empty);
+            }
+            ast::ItemKind::TraitAlias(ref generics, ref bounds) => {
+                self.head("");
+                self.print_visibility(&item.vis);
+                self.word_nbsp("trait");
+                self.print_ident(item.ident);
+                self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
+                let mut real_bounds = Vec::with_capacity(bounds.len());
+                // FIXME(durka) this seems to be some quite outdated syntax
+                for b in bounds.iter() {
+                    if let GenericBound::Trait(ref ptr, ast::TraitBoundModifier::Maybe) = *b {
+                        self.space();
+                        self.word_space("for ?");
+                        self.print_trait_ref(&ptr.trait_ref);
+                    } else {
+                        real_bounds.push(b.clone());
+                    }
+                }
+                self.nbsp();
+                self.print_type_bounds("=", &real_bounds);
+                self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause);
+                self.word(";");
+            }
+            ast::ItemKind::MacCall(ref mac) => {
+                self.print_mac(mac);
+                if mac.args.need_semicolon() {
+                    self.word(";");
+                }
+            }
+            ast::ItemKind::MacroDef(ref macro_def) => {
+                self.print_mac_def(macro_def, &item.ident, &item.span, |state| {
+                    state.print_visibility(&item.vis)
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        self.ann.post(self, AnnNode::Item(item))
+    }
+
+    fn print_enum_def(
+        &mut self,
+        enum_definition: &ast::EnumDef,
+        generics: &ast::Generics,
+        ident: Ident,
+        span: rustc_span::Span,
+        visibility: &ast::Visibility,
+    ) {
+        self.head(visibility_qualified(visibility, "enum"));
+        self.print_ident(ident);
+        self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
+        self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause);
+        self.space();
+        self.print_variants(&enum_definition.variants, span)
+    }
+
+    fn print_variants(&mut self, variants: &[ast::Variant], span: rustc_span::Span) {
+        self.bopen();
+        for v in variants {
+            self.space_if_not_bol();
+            self.maybe_print_comment(v.span.lo());
+            self.print_outer_attributes(&v.attrs);
+            self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
+            self.print_variant(v);
+            self.word(",");
+            self.end();
+            self.maybe_print_trailing_comment(v.span, None);
+        }
+        let empty = variants.is_empty();
+        self.bclose(span, empty)
+    }
+
+    crate fn print_visibility(&mut self, vis: &ast::Visibility) {
+        match vis.kind {
+            ast::VisibilityKind::Public => self.word_nbsp("pub"),
+            ast::VisibilityKind::Crate(sugar) => match sugar {
+                ast::CrateSugar::PubCrate => self.word_nbsp("pub(crate)"),
+                ast::CrateSugar::JustCrate => self.word_nbsp("crate"),
+            },
+            ast::VisibilityKind::Restricted { ref path, .. } => {
+                let path = Self::to_string(|s| s.print_path(path, false, 0));
+                if path == "self" || path == "super" {
+                    self.word_nbsp(format!("pub({})", path))
+                } else {
+                    self.word_nbsp(format!("pub(in {})", path))
+                }
+            }
+            ast::VisibilityKind::Inherited => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn print_defaultness(&mut self, defaultness: ast::Defaultness) {
+        if let ast::Defaultness::Default(_) = defaultness {
+            self.word_nbsp("default");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn print_record_struct_body(&mut self, fields: &[ast::FieldDef], span: rustc_span::Span) {
+        self.nbsp();
+        self.bopen();
+
+        let empty = fields.is_empty();
+        if !empty {
+            self.hardbreak_if_not_bol();
+
+            for field in fields {
+                self.hardbreak_if_not_bol();
+                self.maybe_print_comment(field.span.lo());
+                self.print_outer_attributes(&field.attrs);
+                self.print_visibility(&field.vis);
+                self.print_ident(field.ident.unwrap());
+                self.word_nbsp(":");
+                self.print_type(&field.ty);
+                self.word(",");
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.bclose(span, empty);
+    }
+
+    fn print_struct(
+        &mut self,
+        struct_def: &ast::VariantData,
+        generics: &ast::Generics,
+        ident: Ident,
+        span: rustc_span::Span,
+        print_finalizer: bool,
+    ) {
+        self.print_ident(ident);
+        self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
+        match struct_def {
+            ast::VariantData::Tuple(..) | ast::VariantData::Unit(..) => {
+                if let ast::VariantData::Tuple(..) = struct_def {
+                    self.popen();
+                    self.commasep(Inconsistent, struct_def.fields(), |s, field| {
+                        s.maybe_print_comment(field.span.lo());
+                        s.print_outer_attributes(&field.attrs);
+                        s.print_visibility(&field.vis);
+                        s.print_type(&field.ty)
+                    });
+                    self.pclose();
+                }
+                self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause);
+                if print_finalizer {
+                    self.word(";");
+                }
+                self.end();
+                self.end(); // Close the outer-box.
+            }
+            ast::VariantData::Struct(ref fields, ..) => {
+                self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause);
+                self.print_record_struct_body(fields, span);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    crate fn print_variant(&mut self, v: &ast::Variant) {
+        self.head("");
+        self.print_visibility(&v.vis);
+        let generics = ast::Generics::default();
+        self.print_struct(&v.data, &generics, v.ident, v.span, false);
+        if let Some(ref d) = v.disr_expr {
+            self.space();
+            self.word_space("=");
+            self.print_expr(&d.value)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn print_assoc_item(&mut self, item: &ast::AssocItem) {
+        let ast::Item { id, span, ident, ref attrs, ref kind, ref vis, tokens: _ } = *item;
+        self.ann.pre(self, AnnNode::SubItem(id));
+        self.hardbreak_if_not_bol();
+        self.maybe_print_comment(span.lo());
+        self.print_outer_attributes(attrs);
+        match kind {
+            ast::AssocItemKind::Fn(box ast::Fn { defaultness, sig, generics, body }) => {
+                self.print_fn_full(sig, ident, generics, vis, *defaultness, body.as_deref(), attrs);
+            }
+            ast::AssocItemKind::Const(def, ty, body) => {
+                self.print_item_const(ident, None, ty, body.as_deref(), vis, *def);
+            }
+            ast::AssocItemKind::TyAlias(box ast::TyAlias { defaultness, generics, bounds, ty }) => {
+                self.print_associated_type(
+                    ident,
+                    generics,
+                    bounds,
+                    ty.as_deref(),
+                    vis,
+                    *defaultness,
+                );
+            }
+            ast::AssocItemKind::MacCall(m) => {
+                self.print_mac(m);
+                if m.args.need_semicolon() {
+                    self.word(";");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.ann.post(self, AnnNode::SubItem(id))
+    }
+
+    fn print_fn_full(
+        &mut self,
+        sig: &ast::FnSig,
+        name: Ident,
+        generics: &ast::Generics,
+        vis: &ast::Visibility,
+        defaultness: ast::Defaultness,
+        body: Option<&ast::Block>,
+        attrs: &[ast::Attribute],
+    ) {
+        if body.is_some() {
+            self.head("");
+        }
+        self.print_visibility(vis);
+        self.print_defaultness(defaultness);
+        self.print_fn(&sig.decl, sig.header, Some(name), generics);
+        if let Some(body) = body {
+            self.nbsp();
+            self.print_block_with_attrs(body, attrs);
+        } else {
+            self.word(";");
+        }
+    }
+
+    crate fn print_fn(
+        &mut self,
+        decl: &ast::FnDecl,
+        header: ast::FnHeader,
+        name: Option<Ident>,
+        generics: &ast::Generics,
+    ) {
+        self.print_fn_header_info(header);
+        if let Some(name) = name {
+            self.nbsp();
+            self.print_ident(name);
+        }
+        self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
+        self.print_fn_params_and_ret(decl, false);
+        self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause)
+    }
+
+    crate fn print_fn_params_and_ret(&mut self, decl: &ast::FnDecl, is_closure: bool) {
+        let (open, close) = if is_closure { ("|", "|") } else { ("(", ")") };
+        self.word(open);
+        self.commasep(Inconsistent, &decl.inputs, |s, param| s.print_param(param, is_closure));
+        self.word(close);
+        self.print_fn_ret_ty(&decl.output)
+    }
+
+    fn print_where_clause(&mut self, where_clause: &ast::WhereClause) {
+        if where_clause.predicates.is_empty() && !where_clause.has_where_token {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.space();
+        self.word_space("where");
+
+        for (i, predicate) in where_clause.predicates.iter().enumerate() {
+            if i != 0 {
+                self.word_space(",");
+            }
+
+            self.print_where_predicate(predicate);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn print_where_predicate(&mut self, predicate: &ast::WherePredicate) {
+        match predicate {
+            ast::WherePredicate::BoundPredicate(ast::WhereBoundPredicate {
+                bound_generic_params,
+                bounded_ty,
+                bounds,
+                ..
+            }) => {
+                self.print_formal_generic_params(bound_generic_params);
+                self.print_type(bounded_ty);
+                self.print_type_bounds(":", bounds);
+            }
+            ast::WherePredicate::RegionPredicate(ast::WhereRegionPredicate {
+                lifetime,
+                bounds,
+                ..
+            }) => {
+                self.print_lifetime_bounds(*lifetime, bounds);
+            }
+            ast::WherePredicate::EqPredicate(ast::WhereEqPredicate { lhs_ty, rhs_ty, .. }) => {
+                self.print_type(lhs_ty);
+                self.space();
+                self.word_space("=");
+                self.print_type(rhs_ty);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn print_use_tree(&mut self, tree: &ast::UseTree) {
+        match tree.kind {
+            ast::UseTreeKind::Simple(rename, ..) => {
+                self.print_path(&tree.prefix, false, 0);
+                if let Some(rename) = rename {
+                    self.space();
+                    self.word_space("as");
+                    self.print_ident(rename);
+                }
+            }
+            ast::UseTreeKind::Glob => {
+                if !tree.prefix.segments.is_empty() {
+                    self.print_path(&tree.prefix, false, 0);
+                    self.word("::");
+                }
+                self.word("*");
+            }
+            ast::UseTreeKind::Nested(ref items) => {
+                if tree.prefix.segments.is_empty() {
+                    self.word("{");
+                } else {
+                    self.print_path(&tree.prefix, false, 0);
+                    self.word("::{");
+                }
+                self.commasep(Inconsistent, &items, |this, &(ref tree, _)| {
+                    this.print_use_tree(tree)
+                });
+                self.word("}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_feature/src/builtin_attrs.rs b/compiler/rustc_feature/src/builtin_attrs.rs
index f25b2d8f566c0..46817bc9c3f08 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_feature/src/builtin_attrs.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_feature/src/builtin_attrs.rs
@@ -623,6 +623,11 @@ pub const BUILTIN_ATTRIBUTES: &[BuiltinAttribute] = &[
         lang, Normal, template!(NameValueStr: "name"), DuplicatesOk, lang_items,
         "language items are subject to change",
     ),
+    rustc_attr!(
+        rustc_pass_by_value, Normal,
+        template!(Word), WarnFollowing,
+        "#[rustc_pass_by_value] is used to mark types that must be passed by value instead of reference."
+    ),
     BuiltinAttribute {
         name: sym::rustc_diagnostic_item,
         type_: Normal,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_index/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_index/src/lib.rs
index 359b1859c6889..7919e40925392 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_index/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_index/src/lib.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,3 @@
 pub mod bit_set;
 pub mod interval;
 pub mod vec;
-
-// FIXME(#56935): Work around ICEs during cross-compilation.
-#[allow(unused)]
-extern crate rustc_macros;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/internal.rs b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/internal.rs
index c64a67b6b9f1b..7353cd6b876b9 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/internal.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/internal.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,7 @@ use crate::{EarlyContext, EarlyLintPass, LateContext, LateLintPass, LintContext}
 use rustc_ast as ast;
 use rustc_errors::Applicability;
 use rustc_hir::def::Res;
-use rustc_hir::{
-    GenericArg, HirId, Item, ItemKind, MutTy, Mutability, Node, Path, PathSegment, QPath, Ty,
-    TyKind,
-};
+use rustc_hir::{GenericArg, HirId, Item, ItemKind, Node, Path, PathSegment, QPath, Ty, TyKind};
 use rustc_middle::ty;
 use rustc_session::{declare_lint_pass, declare_tool_lint};
 use rustc_span::hygiene::{ExpnKind, MacroKind};
@@ -58,13 +55,6 @@ declare_tool_lint! {
     report_in_external_macro: true
 }
 
-declare_tool_lint! {
-    pub rustc::TY_PASS_BY_REFERENCE,
-    Allow,
-    "passing `Ty` or `TyCtxt` by reference",
-    report_in_external_macro: true
-}
-
 declare_tool_lint! {
     pub rustc::USAGE_OF_QUALIFIED_TY,
     Allow,
@@ -74,7 +64,6 @@ declare_tool_lint! {
 
 declare_lint_pass!(TyTyKind => [
     USAGE_OF_TY_TYKIND,
-    TY_PASS_BY_REFERENCE,
     USAGE_OF_QUALIFIED_TY,
 ]);
 
@@ -131,26 +120,6 @@ impl<'tcx> LateLintPass<'tcx> for TyTyKind {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            TyKind::Rptr(_, MutTy { ty: inner_ty, mutbl: Mutability::Not }) => {
-                if let Some(impl_did) = cx.tcx.impl_of_method(ty.hir_id.owner.to_def_id()) {
-                    if cx.tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl_did).is_some() {
-                        return;
-                    }
-                }
-                if let Some(t) = is_ty_or_ty_ctxt(cx, &inner_ty) {
-                    cx.struct_span_lint(TY_PASS_BY_REFERENCE, ty.span, |lint| {
-                        lint.build(&format!("passing `{}` by reference", t))
-                            .span_suggestion(
-                                ty.span,
-                                "try passing by value",
-                                t,
-                                // Changing type of function argument
-                                Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
-                            )
-                            .emit();
-                    })
-                }
-            }
             _ => {}
         }
     }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/lib.rs
index c6145ae0d510b..4aa8505c9408d 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/lib.rs
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ mod non_ascii_idents;
 mod non_fmt_panic;
 mod nonstandard_style;
 mod noop_method_call;
+mod pass_by_value;
 mod passes;
 mod redundant_semicolon;
 mod traits;
@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@ use non_ascii_idents::*;
 use non_fmt_panic::NonPanicFmt;
 use nonstandard_style::*;
 use noop_method_call::*;
+use pass_by_value::*;
 use redundant_semicolon::*;
 use traits::*;
 use types::*;
@@ -490,6 +492,8 @@ fn register_internals(store: &mut LintStore) {
     store.register_late_pass(|| Box::new(ExistingDocKeyword));
     store.register_lints(&TyTyKind::get_lints());
     store.register_late_pass(|| Box::new(TyTyKind));
+    store.register_lints(&PassByValue::get_lints());
+    store.register_late_pass(|| Box::new(PassByValue));
     store.register_group(
         false,
         "rustc::internal",
@@ -497,8 +501,8 @@ fn register_internals(store: &mut LintStore) {
         vec![
             LintId::of(DEFAULT_HASH_TYPES),
             LintId::of(USAGE_OF_TY_TYKIND),
+            LintId::of(PASS_BY_VALUE),
             LintId::of(LINT_PASS_IMPL_WITHOUT_MACRO),
-            LintId::of(TY_PASS_BY_REFERENCE),
             LintId::of(USAGE_OF_QUALIFIED_TY),
             LintId::of(EXISTING_DOC_KEYWORD),
         ],
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/pass_by_value.rs b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/pass_by_value.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..26d0560bf89bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/pass_by_value.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+use crate::{LateContext, LateLintPass, LintContext};
+use rustc_errors::Applicability;
+use rustc_hir as hir;
+use rustc_hir::def::Res;
+use rustc_hir::{GenericArg, PathSegment, QPath, TyKind};
+use rustc_middle::ty;
+use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
+
+declare_tool_lint! {
+    /// The `rustc_pass_by_value` lint marks a type with `#[rustc_pass_by_value]` requiring it to always be passed by value.
+    /// This is usually used for types that are thin wrappers around references, so there is no benefit to an extra
+    /// layer of indirection. (Example: `Ty` which is a reference to a `TyS`)
+    pub rustc::PASS_BY_VALUE,
+    Warn,
+    "pass by reference of a type flagged as `#[rustc_pass_by_value]`",
+    report_in_external_macro: true
+}
+
+declare_lint_pass!(PassByValue => [PASS_BY_VALUE]);
+
+impl<'tcx> LateLintPass<'tcx> for PassByValue {
+    fn check_ty(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'_>, ty: &'tcx hir::Ty<'tcx>) {
+        match &ty.kind {
+            TyKind::Rptr(_, hir::MutTy { ty: inner_ty, mutbl: hir::Mutability::Not }) => {
+                if let Some(impl_did) = cx.tcx.impl_of_method(ty.hir_id.owner.to_def_id()) {
+                    if cx.tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl_did).is_some() {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                if let Some(t) = path_for_pass_by_value(cx, &inner_ty) {
+                    cx.struct_span_lint(PASS_BY_VALUE, ty.span, |lint| {
+                        lint.build(&format!("passing `{}` by reference", t))
+                            .span_suggestion(
+                                ty.span,
+                                "try passing by value",
+                                t,
+                                // Changing type of function argument
+                                Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+                            )
+                            .emit();
+                    })
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn path_for_pass_by_value(cx: &LateContext<'_>, ty: &hir::Ty<'_>) -> Option<String> {
+    if let TyKind::Path(QPath::Resolved(_, path)) = &ty.kind {
+        match path.res {
+            Res::Def(_, def_id) if cx.tcx.has_attr(def_id, sym::rustc_pass_by_value) => {
+                let name = cx.tcx.item_name(def_id).to_ident_string();
+                let path_segment = path.segments.last().unwrap();
+                return Some(format!("{}{}", name, gen_args(cx, path_segment)));
+            }
+            Res::SelfTy(None, Some((did, _))) => {
+                if let ty::Adt(adt, substs) = cx.tcx.type_of(did).kind() {
+                    if cx.tcx.has_attr(adt.did, sym::rustc_pass_by_value) {
+                        return Some(cx.tcx.def_path_str_with_substs(adt.did, substs));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => (),
+        }
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+fn gen_args(cx: &LateContext<'_>, segment: &PathSegment<'_>) -> String {
+    if let Some(args) = &segment.args {
+        let params = args
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .map(|arg| match arg {
+                GenericArg::Lifetime(lt) => lt.name.ident().to_string(),
+                GenericArg::Type(ty) => {
+                    cx.tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(ty.span).unwrap_or_default()
+                }
+                GenericArg::Const(c) => {
+                    cx.tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(c.span).unwrap_or_default()
+                }
+                GenericArg::Infer(_) => String::from("_"),
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        if !params.is_empty() {
+            return format!("<{}>", params.join(", "));
+        }
+    }
+
+    String::new()
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/context.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/context.rs
index ecc6da6da12a7..07e800f5b1a14 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/context.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/context.rs
@@ -961,6 +961,7 @@ pub struct FreeRegionInfo {
 /// [rustc dev guide]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/ty.html
 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
 #[rustc_diagnostic_item = "TyCtxt"]
+#[cfg_attr(not(bootstrap), rustc_pass_by_value)]
 pub struct TyCtxt<'tcx> {
     gcx: &'tcx GlobalCtxt<'tcx>,
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/mod.rs
index f1868459f2702..e1272c463a7af 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/mod.rs
@@ -464,6 +464,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> HashStable<StableHashingContext<'a>> for TyS<'tcx> {
 }
 
 #[rustc_diagnostic_item = "Ty"]
+#[cfg_attr(not(bootstrap), rustc_pass_by_value)]
 pub type Ty<'tcx> = &'tcx TyS<'tcx>;
 
 impl ty::EarlyBoundRegion {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_passes/src/check_attr.rs b/compiler/rustc_passes/src/check_attr.rs
index d7b00699491d4..e700a61ce48ab 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_passes/src/check_attr.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_passes/src/check_attr.rs
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ impl CheckAttrVisitor<'_> {
                 }
                 sym::must_not_suspend => self.check_must_not_suspend(&attr, span, target),
                 sym::must_use => self.check_must_use(hir_id, &attr, span, target),
+                sym::rustc_pass_by_value => self.check_pass_by_value(&attr, span, target),
                 sym::rustc_const_unstable
                 | sym::rustc_const_stable
                 | sym::unstable
@@ -1066,6 +1067,24 @@ impl CheckAttrVisitor<'_> {
         is_valid
     }
 
+    /// Warns against some misuses of `#[pass_by_value]`
+    fn check_pass_by_value(&self, attr: &Attribute, span: &Span, target: Target) -> bool {
+        match target {
+            Target::Struct | Target::Enum | Target::TyAlias => true,
+            _ => {
+                self.tcx
+                    .sess
+                    .struct_span_err(
+                        attr.span,
+                        "`pass_by_value` attribute should be applied to a struct, enum or type alias.",
+                    )
+                    .span_label(*span, "is not a struct, enum or type alias")
+                    .emit();
+                false
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Warns against some misuses of `#[must_use]`
     fn check_must_use(
         &self,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_span/src/symbol.rs b/compiler/rustc_span/src/symbol.rs
index f99d5cfad0ab8..09d38d7580802 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_span/src/symbol.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_span/src/symbol.rs
@@ -1147,6 +1147,7 @@ symbols! {
         rustc_paren_sugar,
         rustc_partition_codegened,
         rustc_partition_reused,
+        rustc_pass_by_value,
         rustc_peek,
         rustc_peek_definite_init,
         rustc_peek_liveness,
diff --git a/library/alloc/tests/lib.rs b/library/alloc/tests/lib.rs
index eec24a5c3f7e6..7b8eeb90b5a80 100644
--- a/library/alloc/tests/lib.rs
+++ b/library/alloc/tests/lib.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #![feature(const_trait_impl)]
 #![feature(const_str_from_utf8)]
 #![feature(nonnull_slice_from_raw_parts)]
+#![feature(panic_update_hook)]
 
 use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
diff --git a/library/alloc/tests/slice.rs b/library/alloc/tests/slice.rs
index 18ea6a2141377..b93d7938bc9a5 100644
--- a/library/alloc/tests/slice.rs
+++ b/library/alloc/tests/slice.rs
@@ -1783,12 +1783,11 @@ thread_local!(static SILENCE_PANIC: Cell<bool> = Cell::new(false));
 #[test]
 #[cfg_attr(target_os = "emscripten", ignore)] // no threads
 fn panic_safe() {
-    let prev = panic::take_hook();
-    panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
+    panic::update_hook(move |prev, info| {
         if !SILENCE_PANIC.with(|s| s.get()) {
             prev(info);
         }
-    }));
+    });
 
     let mut rng = thread_rng();
 
diff --git a/library/proc_macro/src/bridge/client.rs b/library/proc_macro/src/bridge/client.rs
index 83a2ac6f0d4f1..9e9750eb8de40 100644
--- a/library/proc_macro/src/bridge/client.rs
+++ b/library/proc_macro/src/bridge/client.rs
@@ -310,8 +310,7 @@ impl Bridge<'_> {
         // NB. the server can't do this because it may use a different libstd.
         static HIDE_PANICS_DURING_EXPANSION: Once = Once::new();
         HIDE_PANICS_DURING_EXPANSION.call_once(|| {
-            let prev = panic::take_hook();
-            panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
+            panic::update_hook(move |prev, info| {
                 let show = BridgeState::with(|state| match state {
                     BridgeState::NotConnected => true,
                     BridgeState::Connected(_) | BridgeState::InUse => force_show_panics,
@@ -319,7 +318,7 @@ impl Bridge<'_> {
                 if show {
                     prev(info)
                 }
-            }));
+            });
         });
 
         BRIDGE_STATE.with(|state| state.set(BridgeState::Connected(self), f))
diff --git a/library/proc_macro/src/lib.rs b/library/proc_macro/src/lib.rs
index 69af598f91e1c..c5afca6d56a2d 100644
--- a/library/proc_macro/src/lib.rs
+++ b/library/proc_macro/src/lib.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #![feature(restricted_std)]
 #![feature(rustc_attrs)]
 #![feature(min_specialization)]
+#![feature(panic_update_hook)]
 #![recursion_limit = "256"]
 
 #[unstable(feature = "proc_macro_internals", issue = "27812")]
diff --git a/library/std/src/panic.rs b/library/std/src/panic.rs
index c0605b2f4121c..02ecf2e3e822e 100644
--- a/library/std/src/panic.rs
+++ b/library/std/src/panic.rs
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ pub use core::panic::panic_2021;
 #[stable(feature = "panic_hooks", since = "1.10.0")]
 pub use crate::panicking::{set_hook, take_hook};
 
+#[unstable(feature = "panic_update_hook", issue = "92649")]
+pub use crate::panicking::update_hook;
+
 #[stable(feature = "panic_hooks", since = "1.10.0")]
 pub use core::panic::{Location, PanicInfo};
 
diff --git a/library/std/src/panicking.rs b/library/std/src/panicking.rs
index 87854fe4f2970..44f573297eed1 100644
--- a/library/std/src/panicking.rs
+++ b/library/std/src/panicking.rs
@@ -76,6 +76,12 @@ enum Hook {
     Custom(*mut (dyn Fn(&PanicInfo<'_>) + 'static + Sync + Send)),
 }
 
+impl Hook {
+    fn custom(f: impl Fn(&PanicInfo<'_>) + 'static + Sync + Send) -> Self {
+        Self::Custom(Box::into_raw(Box::new(f)))
+    }
+}
+
 static HOOK_LOCK: StaticRWLock = StaticRWLock::new();
 static mut HOOK: Hook = Hook::Default;
 
@@ -118,6 +124,11 @@ pub fn set_hook(hook: Box<dyn Fn(&PanicInfo<'_>) + 'static + Sync + Send>) {
         panic!("cannot modify the panic hook from a panicking thread");
     }
 
+    // SAFETY:
+    //
+    // - `HOOK` can only be modified while holding write access to `HOOK_LOCK`.
+    // - The argument of `Box::from_raw` is always a valid pointer that was created using
+    // `Box::into_raw`.
     unsafe {
         let guard = HOOK_LOCK.write();
         let old_hook = HOOK;
@@ -167,6 +178,11 @@ pub fn take_hook() -> Box<dyn Fn(&PanicInfo<'_>) + 'static + Sync + Send> {
         panic!("cannot modify the panic hook from a panicking thread");
     }
 
+    // SAFETY:
+    //
+    // - `HOOK` can only be modified while holding write access to `HOOK_LOCK`.
+    // - The argument of `Box::from_raw` is always a valid pointer that was created using
+    // `Box::into_raw`.
     unsafe {
         let guard = HOOK_LOCK.write();
         let hook = HOOK;
@@ -180,6 +196,69 @@ pub fn take_hook() -> Box<dyn Fn(&PanicInfo<'_>) + 'static + Sync + Send> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Atomic combination of [`take_hook`] and [`set_hook`]. Use this to replace the panic handler with
+/// a new panic handler that does something and then executes the old handler.
+///
+/// [`take_hook`]: ./fn.take_hook.html
+/// [`set_hook`]: ./fn.set_hook.html
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// Panics if called from a panicking thread.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// The following will print the custom message, and then the normal output of panic.
+///
+/// ```should_panic
+/// #![feature(panic_update_hook)]
+/// use std::panic;
+///
+/// // Equivalent to
+/// // let prev = panic::take_hook();
+/// // panic::set_hook(move |info| {
+/// //     println!("...");
+/// //     prev(info);
+/// // );
+/// panic::update_hook(move |prev, info| {
+///     println!("Print custom message and execute panic handler as usual");
+///     prev(info);
+/// });
+///
+/// panic!("Custom and then normal");
+/// ```
+#[unstable(feature = "panic_update_hook", issue = "92649")]
+pub fn update_hook<F>(hook_fn: F)
+where
+    F: Fn(&(dyn Fn(&PanicInfo<'_>) + Send + Sync + 'static), &PanicInfo<'_>)
+        + Sync
+        + Send
+        + 'static,
+{
+    if thread::panicking() {
+        panic!("cannot modify the panic hook from a panicking thread");
+    }
+
+    // SAFETY:
+    //
+    // - `HOOK` can only be modified while holding write access to `HOOK_LOCK`.
+    // - The argument of `Box::from_raw` is always a valid pointer that was created using
+    // `Box::into_raw`.
+    unsafe {
+        let guard = HOOK_LOCK.write();
+        let old_hook = HOOK;
+        HOOK = Hook::Default;
+
+        let prev = match old_hook {
+            Hook::Default => Box::new(default_hook),
+            Hook::Custom(ptr) => Box::from_raw(ptr),
+        };
+
+        HOOK = Hook::custom(move |info| hook_fn(&prev, info));
+        drop(guard);
+    }
+}
+
 fn default_hook(info: &PanicInfo<'_>) {
     // If this is a double panic, make sure that we print a backtrace
     // for this panic. Otherwise only print it if logging is enabled.
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/Cargo.toml b/src/librustdoc/Cargo.toml
index 5025342c1d68c..b14ecaf0197b5 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/librustdoc/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ path = "lib.rs"
 [dependencies]
 arrayvec = { version = "0.7", default-features = false }
 askama = { version = "0.11", default-features = false }
+atty = "0.2"
 pulldown-cmark = { version = "0.9", default-features = false }
 minifier = "0.0.41"
 rayon = "1.3.1"
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/lib.rs b/src/librustdoc/lib.rs
index a647a0fbfa55d..d854aa86b3afd 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/lib.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/lib.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,8 @@ extern crate tikv_jemalloc_sys;
 use tikv_jemalloc_sys as jemalloc_sys;
 
 use std::default::Default;
-use std::env;
+use std::env::{self, VarError};
+use std::io;
 use std::process;
 
 use rustc_driver::{abort_on_err, describe_lints};
@@ -179,47 +180,20 @@ pub fn main() {
 }
 
 fn init_logging() {
-    use std::io;
-
-    // FIXME remove these and use winapi 0.3 instead
-    // Duplicates: bootstrap/compile.rs, librustc_errors/emitter.rs, rustc_driver/lib.rs
-    #[cfg(unix)]
-    fn stdout_isatty() -> bool {
-        extern crate libc;
-        unsafe { libc::isatty(libc::STDOUT_FILENO) != 0 }
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(windows)]
-    fn stdout_isatty() -> bool {
-        extern crate winapi;
-        use winapi::um::consoleapi::GetConsoleMode;
-        use winapi::um::processenv::GetStdHandle;
-        use winapi::um::winbase::STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE;
-
-        unsafe {
-            let handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
-            let mut out = 0;
-            GetConsoleMode(handle, &mut out) != 0
-        }
-    }
-
-    let color_logs = match std::env::var("RUSTDOC_LOG_COLOR") {
-        Ok(value) => match value.as_ref() {
-            "always" => true,
-            "never" => false,
-            "auto" => stdout_isatty(),
-            _ => early_error(
-                ErrorOutputType::default(),
-                &format!(
-                    "invalid log color value '{}': expected one of always, never, or auto",
-                    value
-                ),
-            ),
-        },
-        Err(std::env::VarError::NotPresent) => stdout_isatty(),
-        Err(std::env::VarError::NotUnicode(_value)) => early_error(
+    let color_logs = match std::env::var("RUSTDOC_LOG_COLOR").as_deref() {
+        Ok("always") => true,
+        Ok("never") => false,
+        Ok("auto") | Err(VarError::NotPresent) => atty::is(atty::Stream::Stdout),
+        Ok(value) => early_error(
+            ErrorOutputType::default(),
+            &format!("invalid log color value '{}': expected one of always, never, or auto", value),
+        ),
+        Err(VarError::NotUnicode(value)) => early_error(
             ErrorOutputType::default(),
-            "non-Unicode log color value: expected one of always, never, or auto",
+            &format!(
+                "invalid log color value '{}': expected one of always, never, or auto",
+                value.to_string_lossy()
+            ),
         ),
     };
     let filter = tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::from_env("RUSTDOC_LOG");
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/passes/collect_intra_doc_links.rs b/src/librustdoc/passes/collect_intra_doc_links.rs
index af62232e792ac..679baed3e3821 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/passes/collect_intra_doc_links.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/passes/collect_intra_doc_links.rs
@@ -398,8 +398,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> LinkCollector<'a, 'tcx> {
                 }
                 match tcx.type_of(did).kind() {
                     ty::Adt(def, _) if def.is_enum() => {
-                        if let Some(field) =
-                            def.all_fields().find(|f| f.ident(tcx).name == variant_field_name)
+                        if let Some(field) = def.all_fields().find(|f| f.name == variant_field_name)
                         {
                             Ok((ty_res, Some(ItemFragment(FragmentKind::VariantField, field.did))))
                         } else {
@@ -770,11 +769,8 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> LinkCollector<'a, 'tcx> {
                     ty::Adt(def, _) if !def.is_enum() => def,
                     _ => return None,
                 };
-                let field = def
-                    .non_enum_variant()
-                    .fields
-                    .iter()
-                    .find(|item| item.ident(tcx).name == item_name)?;
+                let field =
+                    def.non_enum_variant().fields.iter().find(|item| item.name == item_name)?;
                 Some((root_res, ItemFragment(FragmentKind::StructField, field.did)))
             }
             Res::Def(DefKind::Trait, did) => tcx
@@ -903,7 +899,18 @@ fn traits_implemented_by<'a>(
                 ty
             );
             // Fast path: if this is a primitive simple `==` will work
-            let saw_impl = impl_type == ty;
+            // NOTE: the `match` is necessary; see #92662.
+            // this allows us to ignore generics because the user input
+            // may not include the generic placeholders
+            // e.g. this allows us to match Foo (user comment) with Foo<T> (actual type)
+            let saw_impl = impl_type == ty
+                || match (impl_type.kind(), ty.kind()) {
+                    (ty::Adt(impl_def, _), ty::Adt(ty_def, _)) => {
+                        debug!("impl def_id: {:?}, ty def_id: {:?}", impl_def.did, ty_def.did);
+                        impl_def.did == ty_def.did
+                    }
+                    _ => false,
+                };
 
             if saw_impl { Some(trait_) } else { None }
         })
diff --git a/src/test/rustdoc/intra-doc/extern-type.rs b/src/test/rustdoc/intra-doc/extern-type.rs
index f37ae62dde1aa..ab088ab789d43 100644
--- a/src/test/rustdoc/intra-doc/extern-type.rs
+++ b/src/test/rustdoc/intra-doc/extern-type.rs
@@ -4,14 +4,34 @@ extern {
     pub type ExternType;
 }
 
+pub trait T {
+    fn test(&self) {}
+}
+
+pub trait G<N> {
+    fn g(&self, n: N) {}
+}
+
 impl ExternType {
-    pub fn f(&self) {
+    pub fn f(&self) {}
+}
 
-    }
+impl T for ExternType {
+    fn test(&self) {}
+}
+
+impl G<usize> for ExternType {
+    fn g(&self, n: usize) {}
 }
 
 // @has 'extern_type/foreigntype.ExternType.html'
 // @has 'extern_type/fn.links_to_extern_type.html' \
 // 'href="foreigntype.ExternType.html#method.f"'
+// @has 'extern_type/fn.links_to_extern_type.html' \
+// 'href="foreigntype.ExternType.html#method.test"'
+// @has 'extern_type/fn.links_to_extern_type.html' \
+// 'href="foreigntype.ExternType.html#method.g"'
 /// See also [ExternType::f]
+/// See also [ExternType::test]
+/// See also [ExternType::g]
 pub fn links_to_extern_type() {}
diff --git a/src/test/rustdoc/intra-doc/generic-trait-impl.rs b/src/test/rustdoc/intra-doc/generic-trait-impl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..ba8595abfa959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/rustdoc/intra-doc/generic-trait-impl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#![deny(rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links)]
+
+// Test intra-doc links on trait implementations with generics
+// regression test for issue #92662
+
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+pub trait Bar<T> {
+    fn bar(&self);
+}
+
+pub struct Foo<U>(PhantomData<U>);
+
+impl<T, U> Bar<T> for Foo<U> {
+    fn bar(&self) {}
+}
+
+// @has generic_trait_impl/fn.main.html '//a[@href="struct.Foo.html#method.bar"]' 'Foo::bar'
+/// link to [`Foo::bar`]
+pub fn main() {}
diff --git a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/pass_ty_by_ref.stderr b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/pass_ty_by_ref.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 2751a37f7419d..0000000000000
--- a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/pass_ty_by_ref.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-error: passing `Ty<'_>` by reference
-  --> $DIR/pass_ty_by_ref.rs:13:13
-   |
-LL |     ty_ref: &Ty<'_>,
-   |             ^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `Ty<'_>`
-   |
-note: the lint level is defined here
-  --> $DIR/pass_ty_by_ref.rs:4:9
-   |
-LL | #![deny(rustc::ty_pass_by_reference)]
-   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-error: passing `TyCtxt<'_>` by reference
-  --> $DIR/pass_ty_by_ref.rs:15:18
-   |
-LL |     ty_ctxt_ref: &TyCtxt<'_>,
-   |                  ^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `TyCtxt<'_>`
-
-error: passing `Ty<'_>` by reference
-  --> $DIR/pass_ty_by_ref.rs:19:28
-   |
-LL | fn ty_multi_ref(ty_multi: &&Ty<'_>, ty_ctxt_multi: &&&&TyCtxt<'_>) {}
-   |                            ^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `Ty<'_>`
-
-error: passing `TyCtxt<'_>` by reference
-  --> $DIR/pass_ty_by_ref.rs:19:55
-   |
-LL | fn ty_multi_ref(ty_multi: &&Ty<'_>, ty_ctxt_multi: &&&&TyCtxt<'_>) {}
-   |                                                       ^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `TyCtxt<'_>`
-
-error: passing `Ty<'_>` by reference
-  --> $DIR/pass_ty_by_ref.rs:26:17
-   |
-LL |         ty_ref: &Ty<'_>,
-   |                 ^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `Ty<'_>`
-
-error: passing `TyCtxt<'_>` by reference
-  --> $DIR/pass_ty_by_ref.rs:28:22
-   |
-LL |         ty_ctxt_ref: &TyCtxt<'_>,
-   |                      ^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `TyCtxt<'_>`
-
-error: passing `Ty<'_>` by reference
-  --> $DIR/pass_ty_by_ref.rs:31:41
-   |
-LL |     fn ty_multi_ref_in_trait(ty_multi: &&Ty<'_>, ty_ctxt_multi: &&&&TyCtxt<'_>);
-   |                                         ^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `Ty<'_>`
-
-error: passing `TyCtxt<'_>` by reference
-  --> $DIR/pass_ty_by_ref.rs:31:68
-   |
-LL |     fn ty_multi_ref_in_trait(ty_multi: &&Ty<'_>, ty_ctxt_multi: &&&&TyCtxt<'_>);
-   |                                                                    ^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `TyCtxt<'_>`
-
-error: passing `Ty<'_>` by reference
-  --> $DIR/pass_ty_by_ref.rs:53:17
-   |
-LL |         ty_ref: &Ty<'_>,
-   |                 ^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `Ty<'_>`
-
-error: passing `TyCtxt<'_>` by reference
-  --> $DIR/pass_ty_by_ref.rs:55:22
-   |
-LL |         ty_ctxt_ref: &TyCtxt<'_>,
-   |                      ^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `TyCtxt<'_>`
-
-error: passing `Ty<'_>` by reference
-  --> $DIR/pass_ty_by_ref.rs:59:38
-   |
-LL |     fn ty_multi_ref_assoc(ty_multi: &&Ty<'_>, ty_ctxt_multi: &&&&TyCtxt<'_>) {}
-   |                                      ^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `Ty<'_>`
-
-error: passing `TyCtxt<'_>` by reference
-  --> $DIR/pass_ty_by_ref.rs:59:65
-   |
-LL |     fn ty_multi_ref_assoc(ty_multi: &&Ty<'_>, ty_ctxt_multi: &&&&TyCtxt<'_>) {}
-   |                                                                 ^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `TyCtxt<'_>`
-
-error: aborting due to 12 previous errors
-
diff --git a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/pass_ty_by_ref_self.stderr b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/pass_ty_by_ref_self.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 15a06e721ddcb..0000000000000
--- a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/pass_ty_by_ref_self.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-error: passing `TyCtxt<'tcx>` by reference
-  --> $DIR/pass_ty_by_ref_self.rs:18:15
-   |
-LL |     fn by_ref(&self) {}
-   |               ^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `TyCtxt<'tcx>`
-   |
-note: the lint level is defined here
-  --> $DIR/pass_ty_by_ref_self.rs:8:9
-   |
-LL | #![deny(rustc::ty_pass_by_reference)]
-   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-error: passing `Ty<'tcx>` by reference
-  --> $DIR/pass_ty_by_ref_self.rs:31:21
-   |
-LL |     fn by_ref(self: &Ty<'tcx>) {}
-   |                     ^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `Ty<'tcx>`
-
-error: aborting due to 2 previous errors
-
diff --git a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/pass_ty_by_ref.rs b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/rustc_pass_by_value.rs
similarity index 55%
rename from src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/pass_ty_by_ref.rs
rename to src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/rustc_pass_by_value.rs
index e0fdbaeac3069..402c41f376602 100644
--- a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/pass_ty_by_ref.rs
+++ b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/rustc_pass_by_value.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 // compile-flags: -Z unstable-options
 
+#![feature(rustc_attrs)]
 #![feature(rustc_private)]
-#![deny(rustc::ty_pass_by_reference)]
+#![deny(rustc::pass_by_value)]
 #![allow(unused)]
 
 extern crate rustc_middle;
@@ -61,4 +62,57 @@ impl Foo {
     //~^^ ERROR passing `TyCtxt<'_>` by reference
 }
 
+#[rustc_pass_by_value]
+enum CustomEnum {
+    A,
+    B,
+}
+
+impl CustomEnum {
+    fn test(
+        value: CustomEnum,
+        reference: &CustomEnum, //~ ERROR passing `CustomEnum` by reference
+    ) {
+    }
+}
+
+#[rustc_pass_by_value]
+struct CustomStruct {
+    s: u8,
+}
+
+#[rustc_pass_by_value]
+type CustomAlias<'a> = &'a CustomStruct; //~ ERROR passing `CustomStruct` by reference
+
+impl CustomStruct {
+    fn test(
+        value: CustomStruct,
+        reference: &CustomStruct, //~ ERROR passing `CustomStruct` by reference
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    fn test_alias(
+        value: CustomAlias,
+        reference: &CustomAlias, //~ ERROR passing `CustomAlias<>` by reference
+    ) {
+    }
+}
+
+#[rustc_pass_by_value]
+struct WithParameters<T, const N: usize, M = u32> {
+    slice: [T; N],
+    m: M,
+}
+
+impl<T> WithParameters<T, 1> {
+    fn test<'a>(
+        value: WithParameters<T, 1>,
+        reference: &'a WithParameters<T, 1>, //~ ERROR passing `WithParameters<T, 1>` by reference
+        reference_with_m: &WithParameters<T, 1, u32>, //~ ERROR passing `WithParameters<T, 1, u32>` by reference
+    ) -> &'a WithParameters<T, 1> {
+        //~^ ERROR passing `WithParameters<T, 1>` by reference
+        reference as &WithParameters<_, 1> //~ ERROR passing `WithParameters<_, 1>` by reference
+    }
+}
+
 fn main() {}
diff --git a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/rustc_pass_by_value.stderr b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/rustc_pass_by_value.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..7f6e57b38f38d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/rustc_pass_by_value.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+error: passing `Ty<'_>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:14:13
+   |
+LL |     ty_ref: &Ty<'_>,
+   |             ^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `Ty<'_>`
+   |
+note: the lint level is defined here
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:5:9
+   |
+LL | #![deny(rustc::pass_by_value)]
+   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+error: passing `TyCtxt<'_>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:16:18
+   |
+LL |     ty_ctxt_ref: &TyCtxt<'_>,
+   |                  ^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `TyCtxt<'_>`
+
+error: passing `Ty<'_>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:20:28
+   |
+LL | fn ty_multi_ref(ty_multi: &&Ty<'_>, ty_ctxt_multi: &&&&TyCtxt<'_>) {}
+   |                            ^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `Ty<'_>`
+
+error: passing `TyCtxt<'_>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:20:55
+   |
+LL | fn ty_multi_ref(ty_multi: &&Ty<'_>, ty_ctxt_multi: &&&&TyCtxt<'_>) {}
+   |                                                       ^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `TyCtxt<'_>`
+
+error: passing `Ty<'_>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:27:17
+   |
+LL |         ty_ref: &Ty<'_>,
+   |                 ^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `Ty<'_>`
+
+error: passing `TyCtxt<'_>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:29:22
+   |
+LL |         ty_ctxt_ref: &TyCtxt<'_>,
+   |                      ^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `TyCtxt<'_>`
+
+error: passing `Ty<'_>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:32:41
+   |
+LL |     fn ty_multi_ref_in_trait(ty_multi: &&Ty<'_>, ty_ctxt_multi: &&&&TyCtxt<'_>);
+   |                                         ^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `Ty<'_>`
+
+error: passing `TyCtxt<'_>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:32:68
+   |
+LL |     fn ty_multi_ref_in_trait(ty_multi: &&Ty<'_>, ty_ctxt_multi: &&&&TyCtxt<'_>);
+   |                                                                    ^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `TyCtxt<'_>`
+
+error: passing `Ty<'_>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:54:17
+   |
+LL |         ty_ref: &Ty<'_>,
+   |                 ^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `Ty<'_>`
+
+error: passing `TyCtxt<'_>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:56:22
+   |
+LL |         ty_ctxt_ref: &TyCtxt<'_>,
+   |                      ^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `TyCtxt<'_>`
+
+error: passing `Ty<'_>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:60:38
+   |
+LL |     fn ty_multi_ref_assoc(ty_multi: &&Ty<'_>, ty_ctxt_multi: &&&&TyCtxt<'_>) {}
+   |                                      ^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `Ty<'_>`
+
+error: passing `TyCtxt<'_>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:60:65
+   |
+LL |     fn ty_multi_ref_assoc(ty_multi: &&Ty<'_>, ty_ctxt_multi: &&&&TyCtxt<'_>) {}
+   |                                                                 ^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `TyCtxt<'_>`
+
+error: passing `CustomEnum` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:74:20
+   |
+LL |         reference: &CustomEnum,
+   |                    ^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `CustomEnum`
+
+error: passing `CustomStruct` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:85:24
+   |
+LL | type CustomAlias<'a> = &'a CustomStruct;
+   |                        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `CustomStruct`
+
+error: passing `CustomStruct` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:90:20
+   |
+LL |         reference: &CustomStruct,
+   |                    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `CustomStruct`
+
+error: passing `CustomAlias<>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:96:20
+   |
+LL |         reference: &CustomAlias,
+   |                    ^^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `CustomAlias<>`
+
+error: passing `WithParameters<T, 1>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:110:20
+   |
+LL |         reference: &'a WithParameters<T, 1>,
+   |                    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `WithParameters<T, 1>`
+
+error: passing `WithParameters<T, 1, u32>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:111:27
+   |
+LL |         reference_with_m: &WithParameters<T, 1, u32>,
+   |                           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `WithParameters<T, 1, u32>`
+
+error: passing `WithParameters<T, 1>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:112:10
+   |
+LL |     ) -> &'a WithParameters<T, 1> {
+   |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `WithParameters<T, 1>`
+
+error: passing `WithParameters<_, 1>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value.rs:114:22
+   |
+LL |         reference as &WithParameters<_, 1>
+   |                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `WithParameters<_, 1>`
+
+error: aborting due to 20 previous errors
+
diff --git a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/pass_ty_by_ref_self.rs b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/rustc_pass_by_value_self.rs
similarity index 56%
rename from src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/pass_ty_by_ref_self.rs
rename to src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/rustc_pass_by_value_self.rs
index 48b140d91744c..2868517774d46 100644
--- a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/pass_ty_by_ref_self.rs
+++ b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/rustc_pass_by_value_self.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 // Considering that all other `internal-lints` are tested here
 // this seems like the cleaner solution though.
 #![feature(rustc_attrs)]
-#![deny(rustc::ty_pass_by_reference)]
+#![deny(rustc::pass_by_value)]
 #![allow(unused)]
 
-#[rustc_diagnostic_item = "TyCtxt"]
+#[rustc_pass_by_value]
 struct TyCtxt<'tcx> {
     inner: &'tcx (),
 }
@@ -18,12 +18,11 @@ impl<'tcx> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
     fn by_ref(&self) {} //~ ERROR passing `TyCtxt<'tcx>` by reference
 }
 
-
 struct TyS<'tcx> {
     inner: &'tcx (),
 }
 
-#[rustc_diagnostic_item = "Ty"]
+#[rustc_pass_by_value]
 type Ty<'tcx> = &'tcx TyS<'tcx>;
 
 impl<'tcx> TyS<'tcx> {
@@ -31,4 +30,25 @@ impl<'tcx> TyS<'tcx> {
     fn by_ref(self: &Ty<'tcx>) {} //~ ERROR passing `Ty<'tcx>` by reference
 }
 
+#[rustc_pass_by_value]
+struct Foo;
+
+impl Foo {
+    fn with_ref(&self) {} //~ ERROR passing `Foo` by reference
+}
+
+#[rustc_pass_by_value]
+struct WithParameters<T, const N: usize, M = u32> {
+    slice: [T; N],
+    m: M,
+}
+
+impl<T> WithParameters<T, 1> {
+    fn with_ref(&self) {} //~ ERROR passing `WithParameters<T, 1_usize>` by reference
+}
+
+impl<T> WithParameters<T, 1, u8> {
+    fn with_ref(&self) {} //~ ERROR passing `WithParameters<T, 1_usize, u8>` by reference
+}
+
 fn main() {}
diff --git a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/rustc_pass_by_value_self.stderr b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/rustc_pass_by_value_self.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..54a7cf7cab757
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/rustc_pass_by_value_self.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+error: passing `TyCtxt<'tcx>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value_self.rs:18:15
+   |
+LL |     fn by_ref(&self) {}
+   |               ^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `TyCtxt<'tcx>`
+   |
+note: the lint level is defined here
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value_self.rs:8:9
+   |
+LL | #![deny(rustc::pass_by_value)]
+   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+error: passing `Ty<'tcx>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value_self.rs:30:21
+   |
+LL |     fn by_ref(self: &Ty<'tcx>) {}
+   |                     ^^^^^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `Ty<'tcx>`
+
+error: passing `Foo` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value_self.rs:37:17
+   |
+LL |     fn with_ref(&self) {}
+   |                 ^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `Foo`
+
+error: passing `WithParameters<T, 1_usize>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value_self.rs:47:17
+   |
+LL |     fn with_ref(&self) {}
+   |                 ^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `WithParameters<T, 1_usize>`
+
+error: passing `WithParameters<T, 1_usize, u8>` by reference
+  --> $DIR/rustc_pass_by_value_self.rs:51:17
+   |
+LL |     fn with_ref(&self) {}
+   |                 ^^^^^ help: try passing by value: `WithParameters<T, 1_usize, u8>`
+
+error: aborting due to 5 previous errors
+
diff --git a/src/test/ui/panics/panic-handler-chain-update-hook.rs b/src/test/ui/panics/panic-handler-chain-update-hook.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..4dd08ba4ad4e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/ui/panics/panic-handler-chain-update-hook.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// run-pass
+// needs-unwind
+#![allow(stable_features)]
+
+// ignore-emscripten no threads support
+
+#![feature(std_panic)]
+#![feature(panic_update_hook)]
+
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::panic;
+use std::thread;
+
+static A: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+static B: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+static C: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+
+fn main() {
+    panic::set_hook(Box::new(|_| { A.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst); }));
+    panic::update_hook(|prev, info| {
+        B.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        prev(info);
+    });
+    panic::update_hook(|prev, info| {
+        C.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        prev(info);
+    });
+
+    let _ = thread::spawn(|| {
+        panic!();
+    }).join();
+
+    assert_eq!(1, A.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
+    assert_eq!(1, B.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
+    assert_eq!(1, C.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
+}