From f1cea91624fd2deae28bfb2414a4fd9c7e246883 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: clickingbuttons <clickingbuttons@pm.me>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2024 22:52:19 -0400
Subject: [PATCH] std.crypto: add DER parser and RSA

- Add secure DER parser.
	- Use in ECDSA.
		- Add comments to Wycheproof tests.
		- Move Wycheproof test suite to external file.
	- Use in Ed25519.
	- Not public.
- Add std.crypto.rsa.
	- Modulus_bits up to 4096.
	- Any hash function for signatures.
	- Use it in Certificate and tls.Client.
---
 gen_wycheproof.zig                            |   93 +
 lib/std/crypto.zig                            |    4 +
 lib/std/crypto/25519/ed25519.zig              |   21 +
 lib/std/crypto/Certificate.zig                |  299 +-
 lib/std/crypto/der.zig                        |  467 +++
 lib/std/crypto/ecdsa.zig                      |  472 +--
 lib/std/crypto/ff.zig                         |    5 +
 lib/std/crypto/oid.zig                        |  132 +
 lib/std/crypto/rsa.zig                        |  873 ++++++
 .../ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256_wycheproof.zig     | 2740 +++++++++++++++++
 lib/std/crypto/testdata/id_rsa.der            |  Bin 0 -> 1191 bytes
 lib/std/crypto/tls/Client.zig                 |   70 +-
 12 files changed, 4408 insertions(+), 768 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 gen_wycheproof.zig
 create mode 100644 lib/std/crypto/der.zig
 create mode 100644 lib/std/crypto/oid.zig
 create mode 100644 lib/std/crypto/rsa.zig
 create mode 100644 lib/std/crypto/testdata/ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256_wycheproof.zig
 create mode 100644 lib/std/crypto/testdata/id_rsa.der

diff --git a/gen_wycheproof.zig b/gen_wycheproof.zig
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d5b67a916571
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gen_wycheproof.zig
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// transforms https://raw.githubusercontent.com/C2SP/wycheproof/cd27d6419bedd83cbd24611ec54b6d4bfdb0cdca/testvectors/ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256_test.json into [_]TestVector{}
+const std = @import("std");
+
+const path = "ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256_test.json";
+
+pub fn main() !void {
+    var gpa = std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator(.{}){};
+    defer _ = gpa.deinit();
+    const allocator = gpa.allocator();
+
+    const infile = try std.fs.cwd().openFile(path, .{});
+    defer infile.close();
+
+    const json_str = try infile.readToEndAlloc(allocator, 1 << 24);
+    defer allocator.free(json_str);
+    const T = struct {
+        testGroups: []struct { key: struct { uncompressed: []const u8 }, tests: []struct {
+            comment: []const u8,
+            msg: []const u8,
+            sig: []const u8,
+            result: []const u8,
+        } },
+    };
+    const Result = enum {
+        valid,
+        invalid,
+        acceptable,
+    };
+
+    const parsed = try std.json.parseFromSlice(T, allocator, json_str, .{ .ignore_unknown_fields = true });
+    defer parsed.deinit();
+
+    const outfile = try std.fs.cwd().createFile("./ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256_wycheproof.zig", .{});
+    defer outfile.close();
+
+    var writer = outfile.writer();
+
+    try writer.writeAll("// generated from " ++ path ++
+        \\
+        \\pub const Test = struct {
+        \\    comment: []const u8,
+        \\    msg: []const u8,
+        \\    sig: []const u8,
+        \\    result: enum {
+        \\        valid,
+        \\        invalid,
+        \\        acceptable,
+        \\    },
+        \\};
+        \\pub const TestGroup = struct {
+        \\    key: []const u8,
+        \\    tests: []const Test,
+        \\};
+        \\
+        \\pub const test_groups = [_]TestGroup{
+    );
+
+    const value = parsed.value;
+    for (value.testGroups) |group| {
+        try writer.print(
+            \\
+            \\    .{{
+            \\        .key = "{s}",
+            \\        .tests = &[_]Test{{
+        , .{group.key.uncompressed});
+        for (group.tests) |t| {
+            try writer.print(
+                \\
+                \\            .{{
+                \\                .comment = "{s}",
+                \\                .msg = "{s}",
+                \\                .sig = "{s}",
+                \\                .result = .{s},
+                \\            }},
+            , .{
+                t.comment,
+                t.msg,
+                t.sig,
+                @tagName(std.meta.stringToEnum(Result, t.result).?),
+            });
+        }
+        try writer.writeAll(
+            \\
+            \\        },
+            \\    },
+        );
+    }
+
+    try outfile.writeAll(
+        \\
+        \\};
+    );
+}
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto.zig b/lib/std/crypto.zig
index 3dc48ce146e4..aa36ead9fd0f 100644
--- a/lib/std/crypto.zig
+++ b/lib/std/crypto.zig
@@ -195,6 +195,8 @@ pub const errors = @import("crypto/errors.zig");
 pub const tls = @import("crypto/tls.zig");
 pub const Certificate = @import("crypto/Certificate.zig");
 
+pub const rsa = @import("crypto/rsa.zig");
+
 /// Side-channels mitigations.
 pub const SideChannelsMitigations = enum {
     /// No additional side-channel mitigations are applied.
@@ -307,6 +309,8 @@ test {
     _ = errors;
     _ = tls;
     _ = Certificate;
+    _ = rsa;
+    _ = @import("crypto/oid.zig");
 }
 
 test "CSPRNG" {
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/25519/ed25519.zig b/lib/std/crypto/25519/ed25519.zig
index d7b51271d29d..10e66f57a546 100644
--- a/lib/std/crypto/25519/ed25519.zig
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/25519/ed25519.zig
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 const std = @import("std");
+const der = @import("../der.zig");
 const crypto = std.crypto;
 const debug = std.debug;
 const fmt = std.fmt;
@@ -213,6 +214,26 @@ pub const Ed25519 = struct {
             };
         }
 
+        pub fn fromDer(bytes: []const u8) !Signature {
+            var parser = der.Parser{ .bytes = bytes };
+            const seq = try parser.expectSequence();
+            defer parser.seek(seq.slice.end);
+
+            const r = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+            if (r.slice.len() > Curve.encoded_length) return error.InvalidScalar;
+            const s = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+            if (s.slice.len() > @sizeOf(CompressedScalar)) return error.InvalidScalar;
+
+            if (parser.index != seq.slice.end) return error.InvalidSequence;
+            if (parser.index != parser.bytes.len) return error.InvalidSequence;
+
+            var res = std.mem.zeroInit(Signature, .{});
+            @memcpy(res.r[res.r.len - parser.view(r).len ..], parser.view(r));
+            @memcpy(res.s[res.r.len - parser.view(s).len ..], parser.view(s));
+
+            return res;
+        }
+
         /// Create a Verifier for incremental verification of a signature.
         pub fn verifier(self: Signature, public_key: PublicKey) (NonCanonicalError || EncodingError || IdentityElementError)!Verifier {
             return Verifier.init(self, public_key);
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/Certificate.zig b/lib/std/crypto/Certificate.zig
index 1e3bb9ca0b4e..4d5be4c811b6 100644
--- a/lib/std/crypto/Certificate.zig
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/Certificate.zig
@@ -729,71 +729,18 @@ pub fn parseVersion(bytes: []const u8, version_elem: der.Element) ParseVersionEr
 fn verifyRsa(
     comptime Hash: type,
     message: []const u8,
-    sig: []const u8,
+    sig_bytes: []const u8,
     pub_key_algo: Parsed.PubKeyAlgo,
-    pub_key: []const u8,
+    pub_key_der: []const u8,
 ) !void {
     if (pub_key_algo != .rsaEncryption) return error.CertificateSignatureAlgorithmMismatch;
-    const pk_components = try rsa.PublicKey.parseDer(pub_key);
-    const exponent = pk_components.exponent;
-    const modulus = pk_components.modulus;
-    if (exponent.len > modulus.len) return error.CertificatePublicKeyInvalid;
-    if (sig.len != modulus.len) return error.CertificateSignatureInvalidLength;
-
-    const hash_der = switch (Hash) {
-        crypto.hash.Sha1 => [_]u8{
-            0x30, 0x21, 0x30, 0x09, 0x06, 0x05, 0x2b, 0x0e,
-            0x03, 0x02, 0x1a, 0x05, 0x00, 0x04, 0x14,
-        },
-        crypto.hash.sha2.Sha224 => [_]u8{
-            0x30, 0x2d, 0x30, 0x0d, 0x06, 0x09, 0x60, 0x86,
-            0x48, 0x01, 0x65, 0x03, 0x04, 0x02, 0x04, 0x05,
-            0x00, 0x04, 0x1c,
-        },
-        crypto.hash.sha2.Sha256 => [_]u8{
-            0x30, 0x31, 0x30, 0x0d, 0x06, 0x09, 0x60, 0x86,
-            0x48, 0x01, 0x65, 0x03, 0x04, 0x02, 0x01, 0x05,
-            0x00, 0x04, 0x20,
-        },
-        crypto.hash.sha2.Sha384 => [_]u8{
-            0x30, 0x41, 0x30, 0x0d, 0x06, 0x09, 0x60, 0x86,
-            0x48, 0x01, 0x65, 0x03, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02, 0x05,
-            0x00, 0x04, 0x30,
-        },
-        crypto.hash.sha2.Sha512 => [_]u8{
-            0x30, 0x51, 0x30, 0x0d, 0x06, 0x09, 0x60, 0x86,
-            0x48, 0x01, 0x65, 0x03, 0x04, 0x02, 0x03, 0x05,
-            0x00, 0x04, 0x40,
-        },
-        else => @compileError("unreachable"),
-    };
-
-    var msg_hashed: [Hash.digest_length]u8 = undefined;
-    Hash.hash(message, &msg_hashed, .{});
-
-    switch (modulus.len) {
-        inline 128, 256, 384, 512 => |modulus_len| {
-            const ps_len = modulus_len - (hash_der.len + msg_hashed.len) - 3;
-            const em: [modulus_len]u8 =
-                [2]u8{ 0, 1 } ++
-                ([1]u8{0xff} ** ps_len) ++
-                [1]u8{0} ++
-                hash_der ++
-                msg_hashed;
-
-            const public_key = rsa.PublicKey.fromBytes(exponent, modulus) catch return error.CertificateSignatureInvalid;
-            const em_dec = rsa.encrypt(modulus_len, sig[0..modulus_len].*, public_key) catch |err| switch (err) {
-                error.MessageTooLong => unreachable,
-            };
 
-            if (!mem.eql(u8, &em, &em_dec)) {
-                return error.CertificateSignatureInvalid;
-            }
-        },
-        else => {
-            return error.CertificateSignatureUnsupportedBitCount;
-        },
-    }
+    const pk = rsa.PublicKey.fromDer(pub_key_der) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.InsecureBitCount => return error.CertificateSignatureUnsupportedBitCount,
+        else => return error.CertificatePublicKeyInvalid,
+    };
+    const sig = rsa.PKCS1v1_5(Hash).Signature{ .bytes = sig_bytes };
+    sig.verify(message, pk) catch return error.CertificateSignatureInvalid;
 }
 
 fn verify_ecdsa(
@@ -816,19 +763,9 @@ fn verify_ecdsa(
         .secp384r1,
         => |curve| {
             const Ecdsa = crypto.sign.ecdsa.Ecdsa(curve.Curve(), Hash);
-            const sig = Ecdsa.Signature.fromDer(encoded_sig) catch |err| switch (err) {
-                error.InvalidEncoding => return error.CertificateSignatureInvalid,
-            };
-            const pub_key = Ecdsa.PublicKey.fromSec1(sec1_pub_key) catch |err| switch (err) {
-                error.InvalidEncoding => return error.CertificateSignatureInvalid,
-                error.NonCanonical => return error.CertificateSignatureInvalid,
-                error.NotSquare => return error.CertificateSignatureInvalid,
-            };
-            sig.verify(message, pub_key) catch |err| switch (err) {
-                error.IdentityElement => return error.CertificateSignatureInvalid,
-                error.NonCanonical => return error.CertificateSignatureInvalid,
-                error.SignatureVerificationFailed => return error.CertificateSignatureInvalid,
-            };
+            const sig = Ecdsa.Signature.fromDer(encoded_sig) catch return error.CertificateSignatureInvalid;
+            const pub_key = Ecdsa.PublicKey.fromSec1(sec1_pub_key) catch return error.CertificateSignatureInvalid;
+            sig.verify(message, pub_key) catch return error.CertificateSignatureInvalid;
         },
     }
 }
@@ -858,6 +795,7 @@ fn verifyEd25519(
 
 const std = @import("../std.zig");
 const crypto = std.crypto;
+const rsa = crypto.rsa;
 const mem = std.mem;
 const Certificate = @This();
 
@@ -949,217 +887,4 @@ test {
     _ = Bundle;
 }
 
-pub const rsa = struct {
-    const max_modulus_bits = 4096;
-    const Uint = std.crypto.ff.Uint(max_modulus_bits);
-    const Modulus = std.crypto.ff.Modulus(max_modulus_bits);
-    const Fe = Modulus.Fe;
-
-    pub const PSSSignature = struct {
-        pub fn fromBytes(comptime modulus_len: usize, msg: []const u8) [modulus_len]u8 {
-            var result = [1]u8{0} ** modulus_len;
-            std.mem.copyForwards(u8, &result, msg);
-            return result;
-        }
-
-        pub fn verify(comptime modulus_len: usize, sig: [modulus_len]u8, msg: []const u8, public_key: PublicKey, comptime Hash: type) !void {
-            const mod_bits = public_key.n.bits();
-            const em_dec = try encrypt(modulus_len, sig, public_key);
-
-            EMSA_PSS_VERIFY(msg, &em_dec, mod_bits - 1, Hash.digest_length, Hash) catch unreachable;
-        }
-
-        fn EMSA_PSS_VERIFY(msg: []const u8, em: []const u8, emBit: usize, sLen: usize, comptime Hash: type) !void {
-            // 1.   If the length of M is greater than the input limitation for
-            //      the hash function (2^61 - 1 octets for SHA-1), output
-            //      "inconsistent" and stop.
-            // All the cryptographic hash functions in the standard library have a limit of >= 2^61 - 1.
-            // Even then, this check is only there for paranoia. In the context of TLS certifcates, emBit cannot exceed 4096.
-            if (emBit >= 1 << 61) return error.InvalidSignature;
-
-            // emLen = \ceil(emBits/8)
-            const emLen = ((emBit - 1) / 8) + 1;
-            std.debug.assert(emLen == em.len);
-
-            // 2.   Let mHash = Hash(M), an octet string of length hLen.
-            var mHash: [Hash.digest_length]u8 = undefined;
-            Hash.hash(msg, &mHash, .{});
-
-            // 3.   If emLen < hLen + sLen + 2, output "inconsistent" and stop.
-            if (emLen < Hash.digest_length + sLen + 2) {
-                return error.InvalidSignature;
-            }
-
-            // 4.   If the rightmost octet of EM does not have hexadecimal value
-            //      0xbc, output "inconsistent" and stop.
-            if (em[em.len - 1] != 0xbc) {
-                return error.InvalidSignature;
-            }
-
-            // 5.   Let maskedDB be the leftmost emLen - hLen - 1 octets of EM,
-            //      and let H be the next hLen octets.
-            const maskedDB = em[0..(emLen - Hash.digest_length - 1)];
-            const h = em[(emLen - Hash.digest_length - 1)..(emLen - 1)][0..Hash.digest_length];
-
-            // 6.   If the leftmost 8emLen - emBits bits of the leftmost octet in
-            //      maskedDB are not all equal to zero, output "inconsistent" and
-            //      stop.
-            const zero_bits = emLen * 8 - emBit;
-            var mask: u8 = maskedDB[0];
-            var i: usize = 0;
-            while (i < 8 - zero_bits) : (i += 1) {
-                mask = mask >> 1;
-            }
-            if (mask != 0) {
-                return error.InvalidSignature;
-            }
-
-            // 7.   Let dbMask = MGF(H, emLen - hLen - 1).
-            const mgf_len = emLen - Hash.digest_length - 1;
-            var mgf_out_buf: [512]u8 = undefined;
-            if (mgf_len > mgf_out_buf.len) { // Modulus > 4096 bits
-                return error.InvalidSignature;
-            }
-            const mgf_out = mgf_out_buf[0 .. ((mgf_len - 1) / Hash.digest_length + 1) * Hash.digest_length];
-            var dbMask = try MGF1(Hash, mgf_out, h, mgf_len);
-
-            // 8.   Let DB = maskedDB \xor dbMask.
-            i = 0;
-            while (i < dbMask.len) : (i += 1) {
-                dbMask[i] = maskedDB[i] ^ dbMask[i];
-            }
-
-            // 9.   Set the leftmost 8emLen - emBits bits of the leftmost octet
-            //      in DB to zero.
-            i = 0;
-            mask = 0;
-            while (i < 8 - zero_bits) : (i += 1) {
-                mask = mask << 1;
-                mask += 1;
-            }
-            dbMask[0] = dbMask[0] & mask;
-
-            // 10.  If the emLen - hLen - sLen - 2 leftmost octets of DB are not
-            //      zero or if the octet at position emLen - hLen - sLen - 1 (the
-            //      leftmost position is "position 1") does not have hexadecimal
-            //      value 0x01, output "inconsistent" and stop.
-            if (dbMask[mgf_len - sLen - 2] != 0x00) {
-                return error.InvalidSignature;
-            }
-
-            if (dbMask[mgf_len - sLen - 1] != 0x01) {
-                return error.InvalidSignature;
-            }
-
-            // 11.  Let salt be the last sLen octets of DB.
-            const salt = dbMask[(mgf_len - sLen)..];
-
-            // 12.  Let
-            //         M' = (0x)00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 || mHash || salt ;
-            //      M' is an octet string of length 8 + hLen + sLen with eight
-            //      initial zero octets.
-            if (sLen > Hash.digest_length) { // A seed larger than the hash length would be useless
-                return error.InvalidSignature;
-            }
-            var m_p_buf: [8 + Hash.digest_length + Hash.digest_length]u8 = undefined;
-            var m_p = m_p_buf[0 .. 8 + Hash.digest_length + sLen];
-            std.mem.copyForwards(u8, m_p, &([_]u8{0} ** 8));
-            std.mem.copyForwards(u8, m_p[8..], &mHash);
-            std.mem.copyForwards(u8, m_p[(8 + Hash.digest_length)..], salt);
-
-            // 13.  Let H' = Hash(M'), an octet string of length hLen.
-            var h_p: [Hash.digest_length]u8 = undefined;
-            Hash.hash(m_p, &h_p, .{});
-
-            // 14.  If H = H', output "consistent".  Otherwise, output
-            //      "inconsistent".
-            if (!std.mem.eql(u8, h, &h_p)) {
-                return error.InvalidSignature;
-            }
-        }
-
-        fn MGF1(comptime Hash: type, out: []u8, seed: *const [Hash.digest_length]u8, len: usize) ![]u8 {
-            var counter: usize = 0;
-            var idx: usize = 0;
-            var c: [4]u8 = undefined;
-            var hash: [Hash.digest_length + c.len]u8 = undefined;
-            @memcpy(hash[0..Hash.digest_length], seed);
-            var hashed: [Hash.digest_length]u8 = undefined;
-
-            while (idx < len) {
-                c[0] = @as(u8, @intCast((counter >> 24) & 0xFF));
-                c[1] = @as(u8, @intCast((counter >> 16) & 0xFF));
-                c[2] = @as(u8, @intCast((counter >> 8) & 0xFF));
-                c[3] = @as(u8, @intCast(counter & 0xFF));
-
-                std.mem.copyForwards(u8, hash[seed.len..], &c);
-                Hash.hash(&hash, &hashed, .{});
-
-                std.mem.copyForwards(u8, out[idx..], &hashed);
-                idx += hashed.len;
-
-                counter += 1;
-            }
-
-            return out[0..len];
-        }
-    };
-
-    pub const PublicKey = struct {
-        n: Modulus,
-        e: Fe,
-
-        pub fn fromBytes(pub_bytes: []const u8, modulus_bytes: []const u8) !PublicKey {
-            // Reject modulus below 512 bits.
-            // 512-bit RSA was factored in 1999, so this limit barely means anything,
-            // but establish some limit now to ratchet in what we can.
-            const _n = Modulus.fromBytes(modulus_bytes, .big) catch return error.CertificatePublicKeyInvalid;
-            if (_n.bits() < 512) return error.CertificatePublicKeyInvalid;
-
-            // Exponent must be odd and greater than 2.
-            // Also, it must be less than 2^32 to mitigate DoS attacks.
-            // Windows CryptoAPI doesn't support values larger than 32 bits [1], so it is
-            // unlikely that exponents larger than 32 bits are being used for anything
-            // Windows commonly does.
-            // [1] https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/wincrypt/ns-wincrypt-rsapubkey
-            if (pub_bytes.len > 4) return error.CertificatePublicKeyInvalid;
-            const _e = Fe.fromBytes(_n, pub_bytes, .big) catch return error.CertificatePublicKeyInvalid;
-            if (!_e.isOdd()) return error.CertificatePublicKeyInvalid;
-            const e_v = _e.toPrimitive(u32) catch return error.CertificatePublicKeyInvalid;
-            if (e_v < 2) return error.CertificatePublicKeyInvalid;
-
-            return .{
-                .n = _n,
-                .e = _e,
-            };
-        }
-
-        pub fn parseDer(pub_key: []const u8) !struct { modulus: []const u8, exponent: []const u8 } {
-            const pub_key_seq = try der.Element.parse(pub_key, 0);
-            if (pub_key_seq.identifier.tag != .sequence) return error.CertificateFieldHasWrongDataType;
-            const modulus_elem = try der.Element.parse(pub_key, pub_key_seq.slice.start);
-            if (modulus_elem.identifier.tag != .integer) return error.CertificateFieldHasWrongDataType;
-            const exponent_elem = try der.Element.parse(pub_key, modulus_elem.slice.end);
-            if (exponent_elem.identifier.tag != .integer) return error.CertificateFieldHasWrongDataType;
-            // Skip over meaningless zeroes in the modulus.
-            const modulus_raw = pub_key[modulus_elem.slice.start..modulus_elem.slice.end];
-            const modulus_offset = for (modulus_raw, 0..) |byte, i| {
-                if (byte != 0) break i;
-            } else modulus_raw.len;
-            return .{
-                .modulus = modulus_raw[modulus_offset..],
-                .exponent = pub_key[exponent_elem.slice.start..exponent_elem.slice.end],
-            };
-        }
-    };
-
-    fn encrypt(comptime modulus_len: usize, msg: [modulus_len]u8, public_key: PublicKey) ![modulus_len]u8 {
-        const m = Fe.fromBytes(public_key.n, &msg, .big) catch return error.MessageTooLong;
-        const e = public_key.n.powPublic(m, public_key.e) catch unreachable;
-        var res: [modulus_len]u8 = undefined;
-        e.toBytes(&res, .big) catch unreachable;
-        return res;
-    }
-};
-
 const use_vectors = @import("builtin").zig_backend != .stage2_x86_64;
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/der.zig b/lib/std/crypto/der.zig
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..743a65ad03cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/der.zig
@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+//! An encoding of ASN.1.
+//!
+//! Distinguised Encoding Rules as defined in X.690 and X.691.
+//!
+//! A version of Basic Encoding Rules (BER) where there is exactly ONE way to
+//! represent non-constructed elements. This is useful for cryptographic signatures.
+//!
+//! Currently an implementation detail of the standard library not fit for public
+//! use since it's missing an encoder.
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const builtin = @import("builtin");
+
+pub const Index = usize;
+const log = std.log.scoped(.der);
+
+/// A secure DER parser that:
+/// - Does NOT read memory outside `bytes`.
+/// - Does NOT return elements with slices outside `bytes`.
+/// - Errors on values that do NOT follow DER rules.
+///     - Lengths that could be represented in a shorter form.
+///     - Booleans that are not 0xff or 0x00.
+pub const Parser = struct {
+    bytes: []const u8,
+    index: Index = 0,
+
+    pub const Error = Element.Error || error{
+        UnexpectedElement,
+        InvalidIntegerEncoding,
+        Overflow,
+        NonCanonical,
+    };
+
+    pub fn expectBool(self: *Parser) Error!bool {
+        const ele = try self.expect(.universal, false, .boolean);
+        if (ele.slice.len() != 1) return error.InvalidBool;
+
+        return switch (self.view(ele)[0]) {
+            0x00 => false,
+            0xff => true,
+            else => error.InvalidBool,
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub fn expectBitstring(self: *Parser) Error!BitString {
+        const ele = try self.expect(.universal, false, .bitstring);
+        const bytes = self.view(ele);
+        const right_padding = bytes[0];
+        if (right_padding >= 8) return error.InvalidBitString;
+        return .{
+            .bytes = bytes[1..],
+            .right_padding = @intCast(right_padding),
+        };
+    }
+
+    // TODO: return high resolution date time type instead of epoch seconds
+    pub fn expectDateTime(self: *Parser) Error!i64 {
+        const ele = try self.expect(.universal, false, null);
+        const bytes = self.view(ele);
+        switch (ele.identifier.tag) {
+            .utc_time => {
+                // Example: "YYMMDD000000Z"
+                if (bytes.len != 13)
+                    return error.InvalidDateTime;
+                if (bytes[12] != 'Z')
+                    return error.InvalidDateTime;
+
+                var date: Date = undefined;
+                date.year = try parseTimeDigits(bytes[0..2], 0, 99);
+                date.year += if (date.year >= 50) 1900 else 2000;
+                date.month = try parseTimeDigits(bytes[2..4], 1, 12);
+                date.day = try parseTimeDigits(bytes[4..6], 1, 31);
+                const time = try parseTime(bytes[6..12]);
+
+                return date.toEpochSeconds() + time.toSec();
+            },
+            .generalized_time => {
+                // Examples:
+                // "19920622123421Z"
+                // "19920722132100.3Z"
+                if (bytes.len < 15)
+                    return error.InvalidDateTime;
+
+                var date: Date = undefined;
+                date.year = try parseYear4(bytes[0..4]);
+                date.month = try parseTimeDigits(bytes[4..6], 1, 12);
+                date.day = try parseTimeDigits(bytes[6..8], 1, 31);
+                const time = try parseTime(bytes[8..14]);
+
+                return date.toEpochSeconds() + time.toSec();
+            },
+            else => return error.InvalidDateTime,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn expectOid(self: *Parser) Error![]const u8 {
+        const oid = try self.expect(.universal, false, .object_identifier);
+        return self.view(oid);
+    }
+
+    pub fn expectEnum(self: *Parser, comptime Enum: type) Error!Enum {
+        const oid = try self.expectOid();
+        return Enum.oids.get(oid) orelse {
+            if (builtin.mode == .Debug) {
+                var buf: [256]u8 = undefined;
+                var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&buf);
+                try @import("./oid.zig").decode(oid, stream.writer());
+                log.warn("unknown oid {s} for enum {s}\n", .{ stream.getWritten(), @typeName(Enum) });
+            }
+            return error.UnknownObjectId;
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub fn expectInt(self: *Parser, comptime T: type) Error!T {
+        const ele = try self.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+        const bytes = self.view(ele);
+
+        const info = @typeInfo(T);
+        if (info != .Int) @compileError(@typeName(T) ++ " is not an int type");
+        const Shift = std.math.Log2Int(u8);
+
+        var result: std.meta.Int(.unsigned, info.Int.bits) = 0;
+        for (bytes, 0..) |b, index| {
+            const shifted = @shlWithOverflow(b, @as(Shift, @intCast(index * 8)));
+            if (shifted[1] == 1) return error.Overflow;
+
+            result |= shifted[0];
+        }
+
+        return @bitCast(result);
+    }
+
+    pub fn expectString(self: *Parser, allowed: std.EnumSet(String.Tag)) Error!String {
+        const ele = try self.expect(.universal, false, null);
+        switch (ele.identifier.tag) {
+            inline .string_utf8,
+            .string_numeric,
+            .string_printable,
+            .string_teletex,
+            .string_videotex,
+            .string_ia5,
+            .string_visible,
+            .string_universal,
+            .string_bmp,
+            => |t| {
+                const tagname = @tagName(t)["string_".len..];
+                const tag = std.meta.stringToEnum(String.Tag, tagname) orelse unreachable;
+                if (allowed.contains(tag)) {
+                    return String{ .tag = tag, .data = self.view(ele) };
+                }
+            },
+            else => {},
+        }
+        return error.UnexpectedElement;
+    }
+
+    pub fn expectPrimitive(self: *Parser, tag: ?Identifier.Tag) Error!Element {
+        var elem = try self.expect(.universal, false, tag);
+        if (tag == .integer and elem.slice.len() > 0) {
+            if (self.view(elem)[0] == 0) elem.slice.start += 1;
+            if (elem.slice.len() > 0 and self.view(elem)[0] == 0) return error.InvalidIntegerEncoding;
+        }
+        return elem;
+    }
+
+    /// Remember to call `expectEnd`
+    pub fn expectSequence(self: *Parser) Error!Element {
+        return try self.expect(.universal, true, .sequence);
+    }
+
+    /// Remember to call `expectEnd`
+    pub fn expectSequenceOf(self: *Parser) Error!Element {
+        return try self.expect(.universal, true, .sequence_of);
+    }
+
+    pub fn expectEnd(self: *Parser, val: usize) Error!void {
+        if (self.index != val) return error.NonCanonical; // either forgot to parse end OR an attacker
+    }
+
+    pub fn expect(
+        self: *Parser,
+        class: ?Identifier.Class,
+        constructed: ?bool,
+        tag: ?Identifier.Tag,
+    ) Error!Element {
+        if (self.index >= self.bytes.len) return error.EndOfStream;
+
+        const res = try Element.init(self.bytes, self.index);
+        if (tag) |e| {
+            if (res.identifier.tag != e) return error.UnexpectedElement;
+        }
+        if (constructed) |e| {
+            if (res.identifier.constructed != e) return error.UnexpectedElement;
+        }
+        if (class) |e| {
+            if (res.identifier.class != e) return error.UnexpectedElement;
+        }
+        self.index = if (res.identifier.constructed) res.slice.start else res.slice.end;
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    pub fn view(self: Parser, elem: Element) []const u8 {
+        return elem.slice.view(self.bytes);
+    }
+
+    pub fn seek(self: *Parser, index: usize) void {
+        self.index = index;
+    }
+
+    pub fn eof(self: *Parser) bool {
+        return self.index == self.bytes.len;
+    }
+};
+
+pub const Element = struct {
+    identifier: Identifier,
+    slice: Slice,
+
+    pub const Slice = struct {
+        start: Index,
+        end: Index,
+
+        pub fn len(self: Slice) Index {
+            return self.end - self.start;
+        }
+
+        pub fn view(self: Slice, bytes: []const u8) []const u8 {
+            return bytes[self.start..self.end];
+        }
+    };
+
+    pub const Error = error{ InvalidLength, EndOfStream };
+
+    pub fn init(bytes: []const u8, index: Index) Error!Element {
+        var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(bytes[index..]);
+        var reader = stream.reader();
+
+        const identifier = @as(Identifier, @bitCast(try reader.readByte()));
+        const size_or_len_size = try reader.readByte();
+
+        var start = index + 2;
+        // short form between 0-127
+        if (size_or_len_size < 128) {
+            const end = start + size_or_len_size;
+            if (end > bytes.len) return error.InvalidLength;
+
+            return .{ .identifier = identifier, .slice = .{ .start = start, .end = end } };
+        }
+
+        // long form between 0 and std.math.maxInt(u1024)
+        const len_size: u7 = @truncate(size_or_len_size);
+        start += len_size;
+        if (len_size > @sizeOf(Index)) return error.InvalidLength;
+        const len = try reader.readVarInt(Index, .big, len_size);
+        if (len < 128) return error.InvalidLength; // should have used short form
+
+        const end = std.math.add(Index, start, len) catch return error.InvalidLength;
+        if (end > bytes.len) return error.InvalidLength;
+
+        return .{ .identifier = identifier, .slice = .{ .start = start, .end = end } };
+    }
+};
+
+test Element {
+    const short_form = [_]u8{ 0x30, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01, 0x09 };
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(Element{
+        .identifier = Identifier{ .tag = .sequence, .constructed = true, .class = .universal },
+        .slice = .{ .start = 2, .end = short_form.len },
+    }, Element.init(&short_form, 0));
+
+    const long_form = [_]u8{ 0x30, 129, 129 } ++ [_]u8{0} ** 129;
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(Element{
+        .identifier = Identifier{ .tag = .sequence, .constructed = true, .class = .universal },
+        .slice = .{ .start = 3, .end = long_form.len },
+    }, Element.init(&long_form, 0));
+}
+
+test "parser.expectInt" {
+    const one = [_]u8{ 2, 1, 1 };
+    var parser = Parser{ .bytes = &one };
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 1), try parser.expectInt(u8));
+}
+
+pub const Identifier = packed struct(u8) {
+    tag: Tag,
+    constructed: bool,
+    class: Class,
+
+    pub const Class = enum(u2) {
+        universal,
+        application,
+        context_specific,
+        private,
+    };
+
+    // https://www.oss.com/asn1/resources/asn1-made-simple/asn1-quick-reference/asn1-tags.html
+    pub const Tag = enum(u5) {
+        boolean = 1,
+        integer = 2,
+        bitstring = 3,
+        octetstring = 4,
+        null = 5,
+        object_identifier = 6,
+        real = 9,
+        enumerated = 10,
+        string_utf8 = 12,
+        sequence = 16,
+        sequence_of = 17,
+        string_numeric = 18,
+        string_printable = 19,
+        string_teletex = 20,
+        string_videotex = 21,
+        string_ia5 = 22,
+        utc_time = 23,
+        generalized_time = 24,
+        string_visible = 26,
+        string_universal = 28,
+        string_bmp = 30,
+        _,
+    };
+};
+
+pub const BitString = struct {
+    bytes: []const u8,
+    right_padding: u3,
+
+    pub fn bitLen(self: BitString) usize {
+        return self.bytes.len * 8 + self.right_padding;
+    }
+};
+
+pub const String = struct {
+    tag: Tag,
+    data: []const u8,
+
+    pub const Tag = enum {
+        /// Blessed.
+        utf8,
+        /// us-ascii ([-][0-9][eE][.])*
+        numeric,
+        /// us-ascii ([A-Z][a-z][0-9][.?!,][ \t])*
+        printable,
+        /// iso-8859-1 with escaping into different character sets.
+        /// Cursed.
+        teletex,
+        /// iso-8859-1
+        videotex,
+        /// us-ascii first 128 characters.
+        ia5,
+        /// us-ascii without control characters.
+        visible,
+        /// utf-32-be
+        universal,
+        /// utf-16-be
+        bmp,
+    };
+
+    pub const all = [_]Tag{
+        .utf8,
+        .numeric,
+        .printable,
+        .teletex,
+        .videotex,
+        .ia5,
+        .visible,
+        .universal,
+        .bmp,
+    };
+};
+
+const Date = struct {
+    year: Year,
+    month: u8,
+    day: u8,
+
+    const Year = std.time.epoch.Year;
+
+    fn toEpochSeconds(date: Date) i64 {
+        // Euclidean Affine Transform by Cassio and Neri.
+        // Shift and correction constants for 1970-01-01.
+        const s = 82;
+        const K = 719468 + 146097 * s;
+        const L = 400 * s;
+
+        const Y_G: u32 = date.year;
+        const M_G: u32 = date.month;
+        const D_G: u32 = date.day;
+        // Map to computational calendar.
+        const J: u32 = if (M_G <= 2) 1 else 0;
+        const Y: u32 = Y_G + L - J;
+        const M: u32 = if (J != 0) M_G + 12 else M_G;
+        const D: u32 = D_G - 1;
+        const C: u32 = Y / 100;
+
+        // Rata die.
+        const y_star: u32 = 1461 * Y / 4 - C + C / 4;
+        const m_star: u32 = (979 * M - 2919) / 32;
+        const N: u32 = y_star + m_star + D;
+        const days: i32 = @intCast(N - K);
+
+        return @as(i64, days) * std.time.epoch.secs_per_day;
+    }
+};
+
+const Time = struct {
+    hour: std.math.IntFittingRange(0, 24),
+    minute: std.math.IntFittingRange(0, 60),
+    second: std.math.IntFittingRange(0, 60),
+
+    fn toSec(t: Time) i64 {
+        var sec: i64 = 0;
+        sec += @as(i64, t.hour) * 60 * 60;
+        sec += @as(i64, t.minute) * 60;
+        sec += t.second;
+        return sec;
+    }
+};
+
+fn parseTimeDigits(
+    text: *const [2]u8,
+    min: comptime_int,
+    max: comptime_int,
+) !std.math.IntFittingRange(min, max) {
+    const result = std.fmt.parseInt(std.math.IntFittingRange(min, max), text, 10) catch
+        return error.InvalidTime;
+    if (result < min) return error.InvalidTime;
+    if (result > max) return error.InvalidTime;
+    return result;
+}
+
+test parseTimeDigits {
+    const expectEqual = std.testing.expectEqual;
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 0), try parseTimeDigits("00", 0, 99));
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 99), try parseTimeDigits("99", 0, 99));
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 42), try parseTimeDigits("42", 0, 99));
+
+    const expectError = std.testing.expectError;
+    try expectError(error.InvalidTime, parseTimeDigits("13", 1, 12));
+    try expectError(error.InvalidTime, parseTimeDigits("00", 1, 12));
+    try expectError(error.InvalidTime, parseTimeDigits("Di", 0, 99));
+}
+
+fn parseYear4(text: *const [4]u8) !Date.Year {
+    const result = std.fmt.parseInt(Date.Year, text, 10) catch return error.InvalidYear;
+    if (result > 9999) return error.InvalidYear;
+    return result;
+}
+
+test parseYear4 {
+    const expectEqual = std.testing.expectEqual;
+    try expectEqual(@as(Date.Year, 0), try parseYear4("0000"));
+    try expectEqual(@as(Date.Year, 9999), try parseYear4("9999"));
+    try expectEqual(@as(Date.Year, 1988), try parseYear4("1988"));
+
+    const expectError = std.testing.expectError;
+    try expectError(error.InvalidYear, parseYear4("999b"));
+    try expectError(error.InvalidYear, parseYear4("crap"));
+    try expectError(error.InvalidYear, parseYear4("r:bQ"));
+}
+
+fn parseTime(bytes: *const [6]u8) !Time {
+    return .{
+        .hour = try parseTimeDigits(bytes[0..2], 0, 23),
+        .minute = try parseTimeDigits(bytes[2..4], 0, 59),
+        .second = try parseTimeDigits(bytes[4..6], 0, 59),
+    };
+}
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/ecdsa.zig b/lib/std/crypto/ecdsa.zig
index 5551f990d27e..b46e6c241cae 100644
--- a/lib/std/crypto/ecdsa.zig
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/ecdsa.zig
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 const builtin = @import("builtin");
 const std = @import("std");
+const der = @import("der.zig");
 const crypto = std.crypto;
 const fmt = std.fmt;
 const io = std.io;
@@ -144,40 +145,26 @@ pub fn Ecdsa(comptime Curve: type, comptime Hash: type) type {
                 return fb.getWritten();
             }
 
-            // Read a DER-encoded integer.
-            fn readDerInt(out: []u8, reader: anytype) EncodingError!void {
-                var buf: [2]u8 = undefined;
-                _ = reader.readNoEof(&buf) catch return error.InvalidEncoding;
-                if (buf[0] != 0x02) return error.InvalidEncoding;
-                var expected_len = @as(usize, buf[1]);
-                if (expected_len == 0 or expected_len > 1 + out.len) return error.InvalidEncoding;
-                var has_top_bit = false;
-                if (expected_len == 1 + out.len) {
-                    if ((reader.readByte() catch return error.InvalidEncoding) != 0) return error.InvalidEncoding;
-                    expected_len -= 1;
-                    has_top_bit = true;
-                }
-                const out_slice = out[out.len - expected_len ..];
-                reader.readNoEof(out_slice) catch return error.InvalidEncoding;
-                if (has_top_bit and out[0] >> 7 == 0) return error.InvalidEncoding;
-            }
+            pub const FromDerError = der.Parser.Error || error{InvalidScalar};
 
-            /// Create a signature from a DER representation.
-            /// Returns InvalidEncoding if the DER encoding is invalid.
-            pub fn fromDer(der: []const u8) EncodingError!Signature {
-                var sig: Signature = mem.zeroInit(Signature, .{});
-                var fb = io.fixedBufferStream(der);
-                const reader = fb.reader();
-                var buf: [2]u8 = undefined;
-                _ = reader.readNoEof(&buf) catch return error.InvalidEncoding;
-                if (buf[0] != 0x30 or @as(usize, buf[1]) + 2 != der.len) {
-                    return error.InvalidEncoding;
-                }
-                try readDerInt(&sig.r, reader);
-                try readDerInt(&sig.s, reader);
-                if (fb.getPos() catch unreachable != der.len) return error.InvalidEncoding;
+            pub fn fromDer(bytes: []const u8) FromDerError!Signature {
+                var parser = der.Parser{ .bytes = bytes };
+                const seq = try parser.expectSequence();
+
+                const max_len = @sizeOf(Curve.scalar.CompressedScalar);
+                const r = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+                if (r.slice.len() > max_len) return error.InvalidScalar;
+                const s = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+                if (s.slice.len() > max_len) return error.InvalidScalar;
+
+                try parser.expectEnd(seq.slice.end);
+                try parser.expectEnd(bytes.len);
 
-                return sig;
+                var res = std.mem.zeroInit(Signature, .{});
+                @memcpy(res.r[res.r.len - parser.view(r).len ..], parser.view(r));
+                @memcpy(res.s[res.r.len - parser.view(s).len ..], parser.view(s));
+
+                return res;
             }
         };
 
@@ -376,7 +363,7 @@ pub fn Ecdsa(comptime Curve: type, comptime Hash: type) type {
     };
 }
 
-test "Basic operations over EcdsaP384Sha384" {
+test EcdsaP384Sha384 {
     if (builtin.zig_backend == .stage2_c) return error.SkipZigTest;
 
     const Scheme = EcdsaP384Sha384;
@@ -392,7 +379,7 @@ test "Basic operations over EcdsaP384Sha384" {
     try sig2.verify(msg, kp.public_key);
 }
 
-test "Basic operations over Secp256k1" {
+test EcdsaSecp256k1Sha256oSha256 {
     if (builtin.zig_backend == .stage2_c) return error.SkipZigTest;
 
     const Scheme = EcdsaSecp256k1Sha256oSha256;
@@ -408,7 +395,7 @@ test "Basic operations over Secp256k1" {
     try sig2.verify(msg, kp.public_key);
 }
 
-test "Basic operations over EcdsaP384Sha256" {
+test "Ecdsa(crypto.ecc.P384, crypto.hash.sha2.Sha256)" {
     if (builtin.zig_backend == .stage2_c) return error.SkipZigTest;
 
     const Scheme = Ecdsa(crypto.ecc.P384, crypto.hash.sha2.Sha256);
@@ -468,417 +455,32 @@ const TestVector = struct {
     result: enum { valid, invalid, acceptable },
 };
 
+const wycheproof = @import("./testdata/ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256_wycheproof.zig");
+
 test "Test vectors from Project Wycheproof" {
     if (builtin.zig_backend == .stage2_c) return error.SkipZigTest;
 
-    const vectors = [_]TestVector{
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e1802204cd60b855d442f5b3c7b11eb6c4e0ae7525fe710fab9aa7c77a67f79e6fadd76", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180220b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db", .result = .acceptable },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "30814502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db", .result = .invalid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "3082004502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db", .result = .invalid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304602202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db", .result = .invalid },
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-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "34343239353339313137", .sig = "3046022100b516a314f2fce530d6537f6a6c49966c23456f63c643cf8e0dc738f7b876e675022100d39ffd033c92b6d717dd536fbc5efdf1967c4bd80954479ba66b0120cd16fff2", .result = .valid },
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-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "35393837333530303431", .sig = "3044022030c87d35e636f540841f14af54e2f9edd79d0312cfa1ab656c3fb15bfde48dcf022047c15a5a82d24b75c85a692bd6ecafeb71409ede23efd08e0db9abf6340677ed", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "33343633303036383738", .sig = "3044022038686ff0fda2cef6bc43b58cfe6647b9e2e8176d168dec3c68ff262113760f520220067ec3b651f422669601662167fa8717e976e2db5e6a4cf7c2ddabb3fde9d67d", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "39383137333230323837", .sig = "3044022044a3e23bf314f2b344fc25c7f2de8b6af3e17d27f5ee844b225985ab6e2775cf02202d48e223205e98041ddc87be532abed584f0411f5729500493c9cc3f4dd15e86", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "33323232303431303436", .sig = "304402202ded5b7ec8e90e7bf11f967a3d95110c41b99db3b5aa8d330eb9d638781688e902207d5792c53628155e1bfc46fb1a67e3088de049c328ae1f44ec69238a009808f9", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "36363636333037313034", .sig = "3046022100bdae7bcb580bf335efd3bc3d31870f923eaccafcd40ec2f605976f15137d8b8f022100f6dfa12f19e525270b0106eecfe257499f373a4fb318994f24838122ce7ec3c7", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "31303335393531383938", .sig = "3045022050f9c4f0cd6940e162720957ffff513799209b78596956d21ece251c2401f1c6022100d7033a0a787d338e889defaaabb106b95a4355e411a59c32aa5167dfab244726", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "31383436353937313935", .sig = "3045022100f612820687604fa01906066a378d67540982e29575d019aabe90924ead5c860d02203f9367702dd7dd4f75ea98afd20e328a1a99f4857b316525328230ce294b0fef", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "33313336303436313839", .sig = "30460221009505e407657d6e8bc93db5da7aa6f5081f61980c1949f56b0f2f507da5782a7a022100c60d31904e3669738ffbeccab6c3656c08e0ed5cb92b3cfa5e7f71784f9c5021", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "32363633373834323534", .sig = "3046022100bbd16fbbb656b6d0d83e6a7787cd691b08735aed371732723e1c68a40404517d0221009d8e35dba96028b7787d91315be675877d2d097be5e8ee34560e3e7fd25c0f00", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "31363532313030353234", .sig = "304402202ec9760122db98fd06ea76848d35a6da442d2ceef7559a30cf57c61e92df327e02207ab271da90859479701fccf86e462ee3393fb6814c27b760c4963625c0a19878", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "35373438303831363936", .sig = "3044022054e76b7683b6650baa6a7fc49b1c51eed9ba9dd463221f7a4f1005a89fe00c5902202ea076886c773eb937ec1cc8374b7915cfd11b1c1ae1166152f2f7806a31c8fd", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "36333433393133343638", .sig = "304402205291deaf24659ffbbce6e3c26f6021097a74abdbb69be4fb10419c0c496c9466022065d6fcf336d27cc7cdb982bb4e4ecef5827f84742f29f10abf83469270a03dc3", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "31353431313033353938", .sig = "30450220207a3241812d75d947419dc58efb05e8003b33fc17eb50f9d15166a88479f107022100cdee749f2e492b213ce80b32d0574f62f1c5d70793cf55e382d5caadf7592767", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "3130343738353830313238", .sig = "304502206554e49f82a855204328ac94913bf01bbe84437a355a0a37c0dee3cf81aa7728022100aea00de2507ddaf5c94e1e126980d3df16250a2eaebc8be486effe7f22b4f929", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "3130353336323835353638", .sig = "3046022100a54c5062648339d2bff06f71c88216c26c6e19b4d80a8c602990ac82707efdfc022100e99bbe7fcfafae3e69fd016777517aa01056317f467ad09aff09be73c9731b0d", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "393533393034313035", .sig = "3045022100975bd7157a8d363b309f1f444012b1a1d23096593133e71b4ca8b059cff37eaf02207faa7a28b1c822baa241793f2abc930bd4c69840fe090f2aacc46786bf919622", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "393738383438303339", .sig = "304402205694a6f84b8f875c276afd2ebcfe4d61de9ec90305afb1357b95b3e0da43885e02200dffad9ffd0b757d8051dec02ebdf70d8ee2dc5c7870c0823b6ccc7c679cbaa4", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "33363130363732343432", .sig = "3045022100a0c30e8026fdb2b4b4968a27d16a6d08f7098f1a98d21620d7454ba9790f1ba602205e470453a8a399f15baf463f9deceb53acc5ca64459149688bd2760c65424339", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "31303534323430373035", .sig = "30440220614ea84acf736527dd73602cd4bb4eea1dfebebd5ad8aca52aa0228cf7b99a880220737cc85f5f2d2f60d1b8183f3ed490e4de14368e96a9482c2a4dd193195c902f", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "35313734343438313937", .sig = "3045022100bead6734ebe44b810d3fb2ea00b1732945377338febfd439a8d74dfbd0f942fa02206bb18eae36616a7d3cad35919fd21a8af4bbe7a10f73b3e036a46b103ef56e2a", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "31393637353631323531", .sig = "30440220499625479e161dacd4db9d9ce64854c98d922cbf212703e9654fae182df9bad2022042c177cf37b8193a0131108d97819edd9439936028864ac195b64fca76d9d693", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "33343437323533333433", .sig = "3045022008f16b8093a8fb4d66a2c8065b541b3d31e3bfe694f6b89c50fb1aaa6ff6c9b20221009d6455e2d5d1779748573b611cb95d4a21f967410399b39b535ba3e5af81ca2e", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "333638323634333138", .sig = "3046022100be26231b6191658a19dd72ddb99ed8f8c579b6938d19bce8eed8dc2b338cb5f8022100e1d9a32ee56cffed37f0f22b2dcb57d5c943c14f79694a03b9c5e96952575c89", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "33323631313938363038", .sig = "3045022015e76880898316b16204ac920a02d58045f36a229d4aa4f812638c455abe0443022100e74d357d3fcb5c8c5337bd6aba4178b455ca10e226e13f9638196506a1939123", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "39363738373831303934", .sig = "30440220352ecb53f8df2c503a45f9846fc28d1d31e6307d3ddbffc1132315cc07f16dad02201348dfa9c482c558e1d05c5242ca1c39436726ecd28258b1899792887dd0a3c6", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "34393538383233383233", .sig = "304402204a40801a7e606ba78a0da9882ab23c7677b8642349ed3d652c5bfa5f2a9558fb02203a49b64848d682ef7f605f2832f7384bdc24ed2925825bf8ea77dc5981725782", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "383234363337383337", .sig = "3045022100eacc5e1a8304a74d2be412b078924b3bb3511bac855c05c9e5e9e44df3d61e9602207451cd8e18d6ed1885dd827714847f96ec4bb0ed4c36ce9808db8f714204f6d1", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "3131303230383333373736", .sig = "304502202f7a5e9e5771d424f30f67fdab61e8ce4f8cd1214882adb65f7de94c31577052022100ac4e69808345809b44acb0b2bd889175fb75dd050c5a449ab9528f8f78daa10c", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "313333383731363438", .sig = "3045022100ffcda40f792ce4d93e7e0f0e95e1a2147dddd7f6487621c30a03d710b3300219022079938b55f8a17f7ed7ba9ade8f2065a1fa77618f0b67add8d58c422c2453a49a", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "333232313434313632", .sig = "304602210081f2359c4faba6b53d3e8c8c3fcc16a948350f7ab3a588b28c17603a431e39a8022100cd6f6a5cc3b55ead0ff695d06c6860b509e46d99fccefb9f7f9e101857f74300", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "3130363836363535353436", .sig = "3045022100dfc8bf520445cbb8ee1596fb073ea283ea130251a6fdffa5c3f5f2aaf75ca8080220048e33efce147c9dd92823640e338e68bfd7d0dc7a4905b3a7ac711e577e90e7", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "3632313535323436", .sig = "3046022100ad019f74c6941d20efda70b46c53db166503a0e393e932f688227688ba6a576202210093320eb7ca0710255346bdbb3102cdcf7964ef2e0988e712bc05efe16c199345", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "37303330383138373734", .sig = "3046022100ac8096842e8add68c34e78ce11dd71e4b54316bd3ebf7fffdeb7bd5a3ebc1883022100f5ca2f4f23d674502d4caf85d187215d36e3ce9f0ce219709f21a3aac003b7a8", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "35393234353233373434", .sig = "30440220677b2d3a59b18a5ff939b70ea002250889ddcd7b7b9d776854b4943693fb92f702206b4ba856ade7677bf30307b21f3ccda35d2f63aee81efd0bab6972cc0795db55", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "31343935353836363231", .sig = "30450220479e1ded14bcaed0379ba8e1b73d3115d84d31d4b7c30e1f05e1fc0d5957cfb0022100918f79e35b3d89487cf634a4f05b2e0c30857ca879f97c771e877027355b2443", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "34303035333134343036", .sig = "3044022043dfccd0edb9e280d9a58f01164d55c3d711e14b12ac5cf3b64840ead512a0a302201dbe33fa8ba84533cd5c4934365b3442ca1174899b78ef9a3199f49584389772", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "33303936343537353132", .sig = "304402205b09ab637bd4caf0f4c7c7e4bca592fea20e9087c259d26a38bb4085f0bbff11022045b7eb467b6748af618e9d80d6fdcd6aa24964e5a13f885bca8101de08eb0d75", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "32373834303235363230", .sig = "304502205e9b1c5a028070df5728c5c8af9b74e0667afa570a6cfa0114a5039ed15ee06f022100b1360907e2d9785ead362bb8d7bd661b6c29eeffd3c5037744edaeb9ad990c20", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "32363138373837343138", .sig = "304502200671a0a85c2b72d54a2fb0990e34538b4890050f5a5712f6d1a7a5fb8578f32e022100db1846bab6b7361479ab9c3285ca41291808f27fd5bd4fdac720e5854713694c", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "31363432363235323632", .sig = "304402207673f8526748446477dbbb0590a45492c5d7d69859d301abbaedb35b2095103a02203dc70ddf9c6b524d886bed9e6af02e0e4dec0d417a414fed3807ef4422913d7c", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "36383234313839343336", .sig = "304402207f085441070ecd2bb21285089ebb1aa6450d1a06c36d3ff39dfd657a796d12b50220249712012029870a2459d18d47da9aa492a5e6cb4b2d8dafa9e4c5c54a2b9a8b", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e", .msg = "343834323435343235", .sig = "3046022100914c67fb61dd1e27c867398ea7322d5ab76df04bc5aa6683a8e0f30a5d287348022100fa07474031481dda4953e3ac1959ee8cea7e66ec412b38d6c96d28f6d37304ea", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "040ad99500288d466940031d72a9f5445a4d43784640855bf0a69874d2de5fe103c5011e6ef2c42dcd50d5d3d29f99ae6eba2c80c9244f4c5422f0979ff0c3ba5e", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "303502104319055358e8617b0c46353d039cdaab022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc63254e", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "040ad99500288d466940031d72a9f5445a4d43784640855bf0a69874d2de5fe103c5011e6ef2c42dcd50d5d3d29f99ae6eba2c80c9244f4c5422f0979ff0c3ba5e", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "3046022100ffffffff00000001000000000000000000000000fffffffffffffffffffffffc022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc63254e", .result = .invalid },
-        .{ .key = "04ab05fd9d0de26b9ce6f4819652d9fc69193d0aa398f0fba8013e09c58220455419235271228c786759095d12b75af0692dd4103f19f6a8c32f49435a1e9b8d45", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "3046022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc63254f022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc63254e", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "0480984f39a1ff38a86a68aa4201b6be5dfbfecf876219710b07badf6fdd4c6c5611feb97390d9826e7a06dfb41871c940d74415ed3cac2089f1445019bb55ed95", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100909135bdb6799286170f5ead2de4f6511453fe50914f3df2de54a36383df8dd4", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "044201b4272944201c3294f5baa9a3232b6dd687495fcc19a70a95bc602b4f7c0595c37eba9ee8171c1bb5ac6feaf753bc36f463e3aef16629572c0c0a8fb0800e", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022027b4577ca009376f71303fd5dd227dcef5deb773ad5f5a84360644669ca249a5", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04a71af64de5126a4a4e02b7922d66ce9415ce88a4c9d25514d91082c8725ac9575d47723c8fbe580bb369fec9c2665d8e30a435b9932645482e7c9f11e872296b", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "3006020105020101", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "046627cec4f0731ea23fc2931f90ebe5b7572f597d20df08fc2b31ee8ef16b15726170ed77d8d0a14fc5c9c3c4c9be7f0d3ee18f709bb275eaf2073e258fe694a5", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "3006020105020103", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "045a7c8825e85691cce1f5e7544c54e73f14afc010cb731343262ca7ec5a77f5bfef6edf62a4497c1bd7b147fb6c3d22af3c39bfce95f30e13a16d3d7b2812f813", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "3006020105020105", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04cbe0c29132cd738364fedd603152990c048e5e2fff996d883fa6caca7978c73770af6a8ce44cb41224b2603606f4c04d188e80bff7cc31ad5189d4ab0d70e8c1", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "3006020105020106", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04cbe0c29132cd738364fedd603152990c048e5e2fff996d883fa6caca7978c73770af6a8ce44cb41224b2603606f4c04d188e80bff7cc31ad5189d4ab0d70e8c1", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "3026022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632556020106", .result = .invalid },
-        .{ .key = "044be4178097002f0deab68f0d9a130e0ed33a6795d02a20796db83444b037e13920f13051e0eecdcfce4dacea0f50d1f247caa669f193c1b4075b51ae296d2d56", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "3026020105022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc75fbd8", .result = .invalid },
-        .{ .key = "04d0f73792203716afd4be4329faa48d269f15313ebbba379d7783c97bf3e890d9971f4a3206605bec21782bf5e275c714417e8f566549e6bc68690d2363c89cc1", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "3027020201000221008f1e3c7862c58b16bb76eddbb76eddbb516af4f63f2d74d76e0d28c9bb75ea88", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "044838b2be35a6276a80ef9e228140f9d9b96ce83b7a254f71ccdebbb8054ce05ffa9cbc123c919b19e00238198d04069043bd660a828814051fcb8aac738a6c6b", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "302c02072d9b4d347952d6022100ef3043e7329581dbb3974497710ab11505ee1c87ff907beebadd195a0ffe6d7a", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "047393983ca30a520bbc4783dc9960746aab444ef520c0a8e771119aa4e74b0f64e9d7be1ab01a0bf626e709863e6a486dbaf32793afccf774e2c6cd27b1857526", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "3032020d1033e67e37b32b445580bf4eff0221008b748b74000000008b748b748b748b7466e769ad4a16d3dcd87129b8e91d1b4d", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "045ac331a1103fe966697379f356a937f350588a05477e308851b8a502d5dfcdc5fe9993df4b57939b2b8da095bf6d794265204cfe03be995a02e65d408c871c0b", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "302702020100022100ef9f6ba4d97c09d03178fa20b4aaad83be3cf9cb824a879fec3270fc4b81ef5b", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "041d209be8de2de877095a399d3904c74cc458d926e27bb8e58e5eae5767c41509dd59e04c214f7b18dce351fc2a549893a6860e80163f38cc60a4f2c9d040d8c9", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "3032020d062522bbd3ecbe7c39e93e7c25022100ef9f6ba4d97c09d03178fa20b4aaad83be3cf9cb824a879fec3270fc4b81ef5b", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04083539fbee44625e3acaafa2fcb41349392cef0633a1b8fabecee0c133b10e99915c1ebe7bf00df8535196770a58047ae2a402f26326bb7d41d4d7616337911e", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "3045022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc6324d50220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "048aeb368a7027a4d64abdea37390c0c1d6a26f399e2d9734de1eb3d0e1937387405bd13834715e1dbae9b875cf07bd55e1b6691c7f7536aef3b19bf7a4adf576d", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "30250220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70020101", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "048aeb368a7027a4d64abdea37390c0c1d6a26f399e2d9734de1eb3d0e1937387405bd13834715e1dbae9b875cf07bd55e1b6691c7f7536aef3b19bf7a4adf576d", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "30250220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70020100", .result = .invalid },
-        .{ .key = "04b533d4695dd5b8c5e07757e55e6e516f7e2c88fa0239e23f60e8ec07dd70f2871b134ee58cc583278456863f33c3a85d881f7d4a39850143e29d4eaf009afe47", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402207fffffff800000007fffffffffffffffde737d56d38bcf4279dce5617e3192a80220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70", .result = .invalid },
-        .{ .key = "04f50d371b91bfb1d7d14e1323523bc3aa8cbf2c57f9e284de628c8b4536787b86f94ad887ac94d527247cd2e7d0c8b1291c553c9730405380b14cbb209f5fa2dd", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402207fffffff800000007fffffffffffffffde737d56d38bcf4279dce5617e3192a902207fffffff800000007fffffffffffffffde737d56d38bcf4279dce5617e3192a8", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "0468ec6e298eafe16539156ce57a14b04a7047c221bafc3a582eaeb0d857c4d94697bed1af17850117fdb39b2324f220a5698ed16c426a27335bb385ac8ca6fb30", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402207fffffff800000007fffffffffffffffde737d56d38bcf4279dce5617e3192a902207fffffff800000007fffffffffffffffde737d56d38bcf4279dce5617e3192a9", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "0469da0364734d2e530fece94019265fefb781a0f1b08f6c8897bdf6557927c8b866d2d3c7dcd518b23d726960f069ad71a933d86ef8abbcce8b20f71e2a847002", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "30450220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70022100bb5a52f42f9c9261ed4361f59422a1e30036e7c32b270c8807a419feca605023", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04d8adc00023a8edc02576e2b63e3e30621a471e2b2320620187bf067a1ac1ff3233e2b50ec09807accb36131fff95ed12a09a86b4ea9690aa32861576ba2362e1", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "30440220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70022044a5ad0ad0636d9f12bc9e0a6bdd5e1cbcb012ea7bf091fcec15b0c43202d52e", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "043623ac973ced0a56fa6d882f03a7d5c7edca02cfc7b2401fab3690dbe75ab7858db06908e64b28613da7257e737f39793da8e713ba0643b92e9bb3252be7f8fe", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "30440220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c700220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04cf04ea77e9622523d894b93ff52dc3027b31959503b6fa3890e5e04263f922f1e8528fb7c006b3983c8b8400e57b4ed71740c2f3975438821199bedeaecab2e9", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "30450220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70022100aaaaaaaa00000000aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa7def51c91a0fbf034d26872ca84218e1", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04db7a2c8a1ab573e5929dc24077b508d7e683d49227996bda3e9f78dbeff773504f417f3bc9a88075c2e0aadd5a13311730cf7cc76a82f11a36eaf08a6c99a206", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100e91e1ba60fdedb76a46bcb51dc0b8b4b7e019f0a28721885fa5d3a8196623397", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04dead11c7a5b396862f21974dc4752fadeff994efe9bbd05ab413765ea80b6e1f1de3f0640e8ac6edcf89cff53c40e265bb94078a343736df07aa0318fc7fe1ff", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100fdea5843ffeb73af94313ba4831b53fe24f799e525b1e8e8c87b59b95b430ad9", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04d0bc472e0d7c81ebaed3a6ef96c18613bb1fea6f994326fbe80e00dfde67c7e9986c723ea4843d48389b946f64ad56c83ad70ff17ba85335667d1bb9fa619efd", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022003ffcabf2f1b4d2a65190db1680d62bb994e41c5251cd73b3c3dfc5e5bafc035", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04a0a44ca947d66a2acb736008b9c08d1ab2ad03776e02640f78495d458dd51c326337fe5cf8c4604b1f1c409dc2d872d4294a4762420df43a30a2392e40426add", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd02204dfbc401f971cd304b33dfdb17d0fed0fe4c1a88ae648e0d2847f74977534989", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04c9c2115290d008b45fb65fad0f602389298c25420b775019d42b62c3ce8a96b73877d25a8080dc02d987ca730f0405c2c9dbefac46f9e601cc3f06e9713973fd", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100bc4024761cd2ffd43dfdb17d0fed112b988977055cd3a8e54971eba9cda5ca71", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "045eca1ef4c287dddc66b8bccf1b88e8a24c0018962f3c5e7efa83bc1a5ff6033e5e79c4cb2c245b8c45abdce8a8e4da758d92a607c32cd407ecaef22f1c934a71", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd0220788048ed39a5ffa77bfb62fa1fda2257742bf35d128fb3459f2a0c909ee86f91", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "045caaa030e7fdf0e4936bc7ab5a96353e0a01e4130c3f8bf22d473e317029a47adeb6adc462f7058f2a20d371e9702254e9b201642005b3ceda926b42b178bef9", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd0220476d9131fd381bd917d0fed112bc9e0a5924b5ed5b11167edd8b23582b3cb15e", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04c2fd20bac06e555bb8ac0ce69eb1ea20f83a1fc3501c8a66469b1a31f619b0986237050779f52b615bd7b8d76a25fc95ca2ed32525c75f27ffc87ac397e6cbaf", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd0221008374253e3e21bd154448d0a8f640fe46fafa8b19ce78d538f6cc0a19662d3601", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "043fd6a1ca7f77fb3b0bbe726c372010068426e11ea6ae78ce17bedae4bba86ced03ce5516406bf8cfaab8745eac1cd69018ad6f50b5461872ddfc56e0db3c8ff4", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd0220357cfd3be4d01d413c5b9ede36cba5452c11ee7fe14879e749ae6a2d897a52d6", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "049cb8e51e27a5ae3b624a60d6dc32734e4989db20e9bca3ede1edf7b086911114b4c104ab3c677e4b36d6556e8ad5f523410a19f2e277aa895fc57322b4427544", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022029798c5c0ee287d4a5e8e6b799fd86b8df5225298e6ffc807cd2f2bc27a0a6d8", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04a3e52c156dcaf10502620b7955bc2b40bc78ef3d569e1223c262512d8f49602a4a2039f31c1097024ad3cc86e57321de032355463486164cf192944977df147f", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd02200b70f22c781092452dca1a5711fa3a5a1f72add1bf52c2ff7cae4820b30078dd", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04f19b78928720d5bee8e670fb90010fb15c37bf91b58a5157c3f3c059b2655e88cf701ec962fb4a11dcf273f5dc357e58468560c7cfeb942d074abd4329260509", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022016e1e458f021248a5b9434ae23f474b43ee55ba37ea585fef95c90416600f1ba", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "0483a744459ecdfb01a5cf52b27a05bb7337482d242f235d7b4cb89345545c90a8c05d49337b9649813287de9ffe90355fd905df5f3c32945828121f37cc50de6e", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd02202252d6856831b6cf895e4f0535eeaf0e5e5809753df848fe760ad86219016a97", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04dd13c6b34c56982ddae124f039dfd23f4b19bbe88cee8e528ae51e5d6f3a21d7bfad4c2e6f263fe5eb59ca974d039fc0e4c3345692fb5320bdae4bd3b42a45ff", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd02210081ffe55f178da695b28c86d8b406b15dab1a9e39661a3ae017fbe390ac0972c3", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "0467e6f659cdde869a2f65f094e94e5b4dfad636bbf95192feeed01b0f3deb7460a37e0a51f258b7aeb51dfe592f5cfd5685bbe58712c8d9233c62886437c38ba0", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd02207fffffffaaaaaaaaffffffffffffffffe9a2538f37b28a2c513dee40fecbb71a", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042eb6412505aec05c6545f029932087e490d05511e8ec1f599617bb367f9ecaaf805f51efcc4803403f9b1ae0124890f06a43fedcddb31830f6669af292895cb0", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100b62f26b5f2a2b26f6de86d42ad8a13da3ab3cccd0459b201de009e526adf21f2", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "0484db645868eab35e3a9fd80e056e2e855435e3a6b68d75a50a854625fe0d7f356d2589ac655edc9a11ef3e075eddda9abf92e72171570ef7bf43a2ee39338cfe", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100bb1d9ac949dd748cd02bbbe749bd351cd57b38bb61403d700686aa7b4c90851e", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "0491b9e47c56278662d75c0983b22ca8ea6aa5059b7a2ff7637eb2975e386ad66349aa8ff283d0f77c18d6d11dc062165fd13c3c0310679c1408302a16854ecfbd", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022066755a00638cdaec1c732513ca0234ece52545dac11f816e818f725b4f60aaf2", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04f3ec2f13caf04d0192b47fb4c5311fb6d4dc6b0a9e802e5327f7ec5ee8e4834df97e3e468b7d0db867d6ecfe81e2b0f9531df87efdb47c1338ac321fefe5a432", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022055a00c9fcdaebb6032513ca0234ecfffe98ebe492fdf02e48ca48e982beb3669", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04d92b200aefcab6ac7dafd9acaf2fa10b3180235b8f46b4503e4693c670fccc885ef2f3aebf5b317475336256768f7c19efb7352d27e4cccadc85b6b8ab922c72", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100ab40193f9b5d76c064a27940469d9fffd31d7c925fbe05c919491d3057d66cd2", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "040a88361eb92ecca2625b38e5f98bbabb96bf179b3d76fc48140a3bcd881523cde6bdf56033f84a5054035597375d90866aa2c96b86a41ccf6edebf47298ad489", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100ca0234ebb5fdcb13ca0234ecffffffffcb0dadbbc7f549f8a26b4408d0dc8600", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04d0fb17ccd8fafe827e0c1afc5d8d80366e2b20e7f14a563a2ba50469d84375e868612569d39e2bb9f554355564646de99ac602cc6349cf8c1e236a7de7637d93", .msg = "313233343030", .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100bfffffff3ea3677e082b9310572620ae19933a9e65b285598711c77298815ad3", .result = .valid },
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-        .{ .key = "042829c31faa2e400e344ed94bca3fcd0545956ebcfe8ad0f6dfa5ff8effffffffa01aafaf000e52585855afa7676ade284113099052df57e7eb3bd37ebeb9222e", .msg = "4d657373616765", .sig = "304402205eb9c8845de68eb13d5befe719f462d77787802baff30ce96a5cba063254af7802202c026ae9be2e2a5e7ca0ff9bbd92fb6e44972186228ee9a62b87ddbe2ef66fb5", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "042829c31faa2e400e344ed94bca3fcd0545956ebcfe8ad0f6dfa5ff8effffffffa01aafaf000e52585855afa7676ade284113099052df57e7eb3bd37ebeb9222e", .msg = "4d657373616765", .sig = "304602210096843dd03c22abd2f3b782b170239f90f277921becc117d0404a8e4e36230c28022100f2be378f526f74a543f67165976de9ed9a31214eb4d7e6db19e1ede123dd991d", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04fffffff948081e6a0458dd8f9e738f2665ff9059ad6aac0708318c4ca9a7a4f55a8abcba2dda8474311ee54149b973cae0c0fb89557ad0bf78e6529a1663bd73", .msg = "4d657373616765", .sig = "30440220766456dce1857c906f9996af729339464d27e9d98edc2d0e3b760297067421f60220402385ecadae0d8081dccaf5d19037ec4e55376eced699e93646bfbbf19d0b41", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04fffffff948081e6a0458dd8f9e738f2665ff9059ad6aac0708318c4ca9a7a4f55a8abcba2dda8474311ee54149b973cae0c0fb89557ad0bf78e6529a1663bd73", .msg = "4d657373616765", .sig = "3046022100c605c4b2edeab20419e6518a11b2dbc2b97ed8b07cced0b19c34f777de7b9fd9022100edf0f612c5f46e03c719647bc8af1b29b2cde2eda700fb1cff5e159d47326dba", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04fffffff948081e6a0458dd8f9e738f2665ff9059ad6aac0708318c4ca9a7a4f55a8abcba2dda8474311ee54149b973cae0c0fb89557ad0bf78e6529a1663bd73", .msg = "4d657373616765", .sig = "3046022100d48b68e6cabfe03cf6141c9ac54141f210e64485d9929ad7b732bfe3b7eb8a84022100feedae50c61bd00e19dc26f9b7e2265e4508c389109ad2f208f0772315b6c941", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "0400000003fa15f963949d5f03a6f5c7f86f9e0015eeb23aebbff1173937ba748e1099872070e8e87c555fa13659cca5d7fadcfcb0023ea889548ca48af2ba7e71", .msg = "4d657373616765", .sig = "3046022100b7c81457d4aeb6aa65957098569f0479710ad7f6595d5874c35a93d12a5dd4c7022100b7961a0b652878c2d568069a432ca18a1a9199f2ca574dad4b9e3a05c0a1cdb3", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "0400000003fa15f963949d5f03a6f5c7f86f9e0015eeb23aebbff1173937ba748e1099872070e8e87c555fa13659cca5d7fadcfcb0023ea889548ca48af2ba7e71", .msg = "4d657373616765", .sig = "304402206b01332ddb6edfa9a30a1321d5858e1ee3cf97e263e669f8de5e9652e76ff3f702205939545fced457309a6a04ace2bd0f70139c8f7d86b02cb1cc58f9e69e96cd5a", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "0400000003fa15f963949d5f03a6f5c7f86f9e0015eeb23aebbff1173937ba748e1099872070e8e87c555fa13659cca5d7fadcfcb0023ea889548ca48af2ba7e71", .msg = "4d657373616765", .sig = "3046022100efdb884720eaeadc349f9fc356b6c0344101cd2fd8436b7d0e6a4fb93f106361022100f24bee6ad5dc05f7613975473aadf3aacba9e77de7d69b6ce48cb60d8113385d", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04bcbb2914c79f045eaa6ecbbc612816b3be5d2d6796707d8125e9f851c18af015000000001352bb4a0fa2ea4cceb9ab63dd684ade5a1127bcf300a698a7193bc2", .msg = "4d657373616765", .sig = "3044022031230428405560dcb88fb5a646836aea9b23a23dd973dcbe8014c87b8b20eb0702200f9344d6e812ce166646747694a41b0aaf97374e19f3c5fb8bd7ae3d9bd0beff", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04bcbb2914c79f045eaa6ecbbc612816b3be5d2d6796707d8125e9f851c18af015000000001352bb4a0fa2ea4cceb9ab63dd684ade5a1127bcf300a698a7193bc2", .msg = "4d657373616765", .sig = "3046022100caa797da65b320ab0d5c470cda0b36b294359c7db9841d679174db34c4855743022100cf543a62f23e212745391aaf7505f345123d2685ee3b941d3de6d9b36242e5a0", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04bcbb2914c79f045eaa6ecbbc612816b3be5d2d6796707d8125e9f851c18af015000000001352bb4a0fa2ea4cceb9ab63dd684ade5a1127bcf300a698a7193bc2", .msg = "4d657373616765", .sig = "304502207e5f0ab5d900d3d3d7867657e5d6d36519bc54084536e7d21c336ed8001859450221009450c07f201faec94b82dfb322e5ac676688294aad35aa72e727ff0b19b646aa", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04bcbb2914c79f045eaa6ecbbc612816b3be5d2d6796707d8125e9f851c18af015fffffffeecad44b6f05d15b33146549c2297b522a5eed8430cff596758e6c43d", .msg = "4d657373616765", .sig = "3046022100d7d70c581ae9e3f66dc6a480bf037ae23f8a1e4a2136fe4b03aa69f0ca25b35602210089c460f8a5a5c2bbba962c8a3ee833a413e85658e62a59e2af41d9127cc47224", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04bcbb2914c79f045eaa6ecbbc612816b3be5d2d6796707d8125e9f851c18af015fffffffeecad44b6f05d15b33146549c2297b522a5eed8430cff596758e6c43d", .msg = "4d657373616765", .sig = "30440220341c1b9ff3c83dd5e0dfa0bf68bcdf4bb7aa20c625975e5eeee34bb396266b34022072b69f061b750fd5121b22b11366fad549c634e77765a017902a67099e0a4469", .result = .valid },
-        .{ .key = "04bcbb2914c79f045eaa6ecbbc612816b3be5d2d6796707d8125e9f851c18af015fffffffeecad44b6f05d15b33146549c2297b522a5eed8430cff596758e6c43d", .msg = "4d657373616765", .sig = "3045022070bebe684cdcb5ca72a42f0d873879359bd1781a591809947628d313a3814f67022100aec03aca8f5587a4d535fa31027bbe9cc0e464b1c3577f4c2dcde6b2094798a9", .result = .valid },
-    };
-    for (vectors) |vector| {
-        if (tvTry(vector)) {
-            try std.testing.expect(vector.result == .valid or vector.result == .acceptable);
-        } else |_| {
-            try std.testing.expectEqual(vector.result, .invalid);
+    for (wycheproof.test_groups) |g| {
+        var key_sec1_: [EcdsaP256Sha256.PublicKey.uncompressed_sec1_encoded_length]u8 = undefined;
+        const key_sec1 = try fmt.hexToBytes(&key_sec1_, g.key);
+        const pk = try EcdsaP256Sha256.PublicKey.fromSec1(key_sec1);
+
+        for (g.tests) |t| {
+            if (tryWycheproof(pk, t)) {
+                try std.testing.expect(t.result == .valid or t.result == .acceptable);
+            } else |_| {
+                try std.testing.expectEqual(t.result, .invalid);
+            }
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn tvTry(vector: TestVector) !void {
-    const Scheme = EcdsaP256Sha256;
-    var key_sec1_: [Scheme.PublicKey.uncompressed_sec1_encoded_length]u8 = undefined;
-    const key_sec1 = try fmt.hexToBytes(&key_sec1_, vector.key);
-    const pk = try Scheme.PublicKey.fromSec1(key_sec1);
+fn tryWycheproof(pk: EcdsaP256Sha256.PublicKey, vector: wycheproof.Test) !void {
     var msg_: [20]u8 = undefined;
     const msg = try fmt.hexToBytes(&msg_, vector.msg);
     var sig_der_: [152]u8 = undefined;
     const sig_der = try fmt.hexToBytes(&sig_der_, vector.sig);
-    const sig = try Scheme.Signature.fromDer(sig_der);
+    const sig = try EcdsaP256Sha256.Signature.fromDer(sig_der);
     try sig.verify(msg, pk);
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/ff.zig b/lib/std/crypto/ff.zig
index 31792318d05e..3c4d4db7a6eb 100644
--- a/lib/std/crypto/ff.zig
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/ff.zig
@@ -404,6 +404,11 @@ pub fn Modulus(comptime max_bits: comptime_int) type {
             return self.limbs_count() * t_bits - self.leading;
         }
 
+        /// Actual size of the modulus, in bytes.
+        pub fn byteLen(self: Self) usize {
+            return std.math.divCeil(usize, self.bits(), 8) catch unreachable;
+        }
+
         /// Returns the element `1`.
         pub fn one(self: Self) Fe {
             var fe = self.zero;
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/oid.zig b/lib/std/crypto/oid.zig
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fd360c3ff1ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/oid.zig
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+//! Developed by ITU-U and ISO/IEC for naming objects. Used in DER.
+//!
+//! This implementation supports any number of `u32` arcs.
+
+const Arc = u32;
+const encoding_base = 128;
+
+/// Returns encoded length.
+pub fn encodeLen(dot_notation: []const u8) !usize {
+    var split = std.mem.splitScalar(u8, dot_notation, '.');
+    if (split.next() == null) return 0;
+    if (split.next() == null) return 1;
+
+    var res: usize = 1;
+    while (split.next()) |s| {
+        const parsed = try std.fmt.parseUnsigned(Arc, s, 10);
+        const n_bytes = if (parsed == 0) 0 else std.math.log(Arc, encoding_base, parsed);
+
+        res += n_bytes;
+        res += 1;
+    }
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+pub const EncodeError = std.fmt.ParseIntError || error{
+    MissingPrefix,
+    BufferTooSmall,
+};
+
+pub fn encode(dot_notation: []const u8, buf: []u8) EncodeError![]const u8 {
+    if (buf.len < try encodeLen(dot_notation)) return error.BufferTooSmall;
+
+    var split = std.mem.splitScalar(u8, dot_notation, '.');
+    const first_str = split.next() orelse return error.MissingPrefix;
+    const second_str = split.next() orelse return error.MissingPrefix;
+
+    const first = try std.fmt.parseInt(u8, first_str, 10);
+    const second = try std.fmt.parseInt(u8, second_str, 10);
+
+    buf[0] = first * 40 + second;
+
+    var i: usize = 1;
+    while (split.next()) |s| {
+        var parsed = try std.fmt.parseUnsigned(Arc, s, 10);
+        const n_bytes = if (parsed == 0) 0 else std.math.log(Arc, encoding_base, parsed);
+
+        for (0..n_bytes) |j| {
+            const place = std.math.pow(Arc, encoding_base, n_bytes - @as(Arc, @intCast(j)));
+            const digit: u8 = @intCast(@divFloor(parsed, place));
+
+            buf[i] = digit | 0x80;
+            parsed -= digit * place;
+
+            i += 1;
+        }
+        buf[i] = @intCast(parsed);
+        i += 1;
+    }
+
+    return buf[0..i];
+}
+
+pub fn decode(encoded: []const u8, writer: anytype) @TypeOf(writer).Error!void {
+    const first = @divTrunc(encoded[0], 40);
+    const second = encoded[0] - first * 40;
+    try writer.print("{d}.{d}", .{ first, second });
+
+    var i: usize = 1;
+    while (i != encoded.len) {
+        const n_bytes: usize = brk: {
+            var res: usize = 1;
+            var j: usize = i;
+            while (encoded[j] & 0x80 != 0) {
+                res += 1;
+                j += 1;
+            }
+            break :brk res;
+        };
+
+        var n: usize = 0;
+        for (0..n_bytes) |j| {
+            const place = std.math.pow(usize, encoding_base, n_bytes - j - 1);
+            n += place * (encoded[i] & 0b01111111);
+            i += 1;
+        }
+        try writer.print(".{d}", .{n});
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn encodeComptime(comptime dot_notation: []const u8) [encodeLen(dot_notation) catch unreachable]u8 {
+    @setEvalBranchQuota(10_000);
+    var buf: [encodeLen(dot_notation) catch unreachable]u8 = undefined;
+    _ = encode(dot_notation, &buf) catch unreachable;
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const std = @import("std");
+
+fn testOid(expected_encoded: []const u8, expected_dot_notation: []const u8) !void {
+    var buf: [256]u8 = undefined;
+    const encoded = try encode(expected_dot_notation, &buf);
+    try std.testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected_encoded, encoded);
+
+    var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&buf);
+    try decode(expected_encoded, stream.writer());
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings(expected_dot_notation, stream.getWritten());
+}
+
+test "encode and decode" {
+    // https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/seccertenroll/about-object-identifier
+    try testOid(
+        &[_]u8{ 0x2b, 0x06, 0x01, 0x04, 0x01, 0x82, 0x37, 0x15, 0x14 },
+        "1.3.6.1.4.1.311.21.20",
+    );
+    // https://luca.ntop.org/Teaching/Appunti/asn1.html
+    try testOid(&[_]u8{ 0x2a, 0x86, 0x48, 0x86, 0xf7, 0x0d }, "1.2.840.113549");
+    // https://www.sysadmins.lv/blog-en/how-to-encode-object-identifier-to-an-asn1-der-encoded-string.aspx
+    try testOid(&[_]u8{ 0x2a, 0x86, 0x8d, 0x20 }, "1.2.100000");
+    try testOid(
+        &[_]u8{ 0x2a, 0x86, 0x48, 0x86, 0xf7, 0x0d, 0x01, 0x01, 0x0b },
+        "1.2.840.113549.1.1.11",
+    );
+    try testOid(&[_]u8{ 0x2b, 0x65, 0x70 }, "1.3.101.112");
+}
+
+test encodeComptime {
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(
+        [_]u8{ 0x2b, 0x06, 0x01, 0x04, 0x01, 0x82, 0x37, 0x15, 0x14 },
+        encodeComptime("1.3.6.1.4.1.311.21.20"),
+    );
+}
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/rsa.zig b/lib/std/crypto/rsa.zig
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bfaa213d8488
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/rsa.zig
@@ -0,0 +1,873 @@
+//! RFC8017: Public Key Cryptography Standards #1 v2.2 (PKCS1)
+const std = @import("../std.zig");
+const der = @import("der.zig");
+const ff = std.crypto.ff;
+
+pub const max_modulus_bits = 4096;
+const max_modulus_len = max_modulus_bits / 8;
+
+const Modulus = std.crypto.ff.Modulus(max_modulus_bits);
+const Fe = Modulus.Fe;
+
+pub const ValueError = error{
+    Modulus,
+    Exponent,
+};
+
+pub const PublicKey = struct {
+    /// `n`
+    modulus: Modulus,
+    /// `e`
+    public_exponent: Fe,
+
+    pub const FromBytesError = ValueError || ff.OverflowError || ff.FieldElementError || ff.InvalidModulusError || error{InsecureBitCount};
+
+    pub fn fromBytes(mod: []const u8, exp: []const u8) FromBytesError!PublicKey {
+        const modulus = try Modulus.fromBytes(mod, .big);
+        if (modulus.bits() <= 512) return error.InsecureBitCount;
+        const public_exponent = try Fe.fromBytes(modulus, exp, .big);
+
+        if (std.debug.runtime_safety) {
+            // > the RSA public exponent e is an integer between 3 and n - 1 satisfying
+            // > GCD(e,\lambda(n)) = 1, where \lambda(n) = LCM(r_1 - 1, ..., r_u - 1)
+            const e_v = public_exponent.toPrimitive(u32) catch return error.Exponent;
+            if (!public_exponent.isOdd()) return error.Exponent;
+            if (e_v < 3) return error.Exponent;
+            if (modulus.v.compare(public_exponent.v) == .lt) return error.Exponent;
+        }
+
+        return .{ .modulus = modulus, .public_exponent = public_exponent };
+    }
+
+    pub fn fromDer(bytes: []const u8) (der.Parser.Error || FromBytesError)!PublicKey {
+        var parser = der.Parser{ .bytes = bytes };
+
+        const seq = try parser.expectSequence();
+        defer parser.seek(seq.slice.end);
+
+        const modulus = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+        const pub_exp = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+
+        try parser.expectEnd(seq.slice.end);
+        try parser.expectEnd(bytes.len);
+
+        return try fromBytes(parser.view(modulus), parser.view(pub_exp));
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated.
+    ///
+    /// Encrypt a short message using RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5.
+    /// The use of this scheme for encrypting an arbitrary message, as opposed to a
+    /// randomly generated key, is NOT RECOMMENDED.
+    pub fn encryptPkcsv1_5(pk: PublicKey, msg: []const u8, out: []u8) ![]const u8 {
+        // align variable names with spec
+        const k = pk.modulus.byteLen();
+        if (out.len < k) return error.BufferTooSmall;
+        if (msg.len > k - 11) return error.MessageTooLong;
+
+        // EM = 0x00 || 0x02 || PS || 0x00 || M.
+        var em = out[0..k];
+        em[0] = 0;
+        em[1] = 2;
+
+        const ps = em[2..][0 .. k - msg.len - 3];
+        std.crypto.random.bytes(ps);
+
+        em[em.len - msg.len - 1] = 0;
+        @memcpy(em[em.len - msg.len ..][0..msg.len], msg);
+
+        const m = try Fe.fromBytes(pk.modulus, em, .big);
+        const e = try pk.modulus.powPublic(m, pk.public_exponent);
+        try e.toBytes(em, .big);
+        return em;
+    }
+
+    /// Encrypt a short message using Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (RSAES-OAEP).
+    pub fn encryptOaep(
+        pk: PublicKey,
+        comptime Hash: type,
+        msg: []const u8,
+        label: []const u8,
+        out: []u8,
+    ) ![]const u8 {
+        // align variable names with spec
+        const k = pk.modulus.byteLen();
+        if (out.len < k) return error.BufferTooSmall;
+
+        if (msg.len > k - 2 * Hash.digest_length - 2) return error.MessageTooLong;
+
+        // EM = 0x00 || maskedSeed || maskedDB.
+        var em = out[0..k];
+        em[0] = 0;
+        const seed = em[1..][0..Hash.digest_length];
+        std.crypto.random.bytes(seed);
+
+        // DB = lHash || PS || 0x01 || M.
+        var db = em[1 + seed.len ..];
+        const lHash = labelHash(Hash, label);
+        @memcpy(db[0..lHash.len], &lHash);
+        @memset(db[lHash.len .. db.len - msg.len - 2], 0);
+        db[db.len - msg.len - 1] = 1;
+        @memcpy(db[db.len - msg.len ..], msg);
+
+        var mgf_buf: [max_modulus_len]u8 = undefined;
+
+        const db_mask = mgf1(Hash, seed, mgf_buf[0..db.len]);
+        for (db, db_mask) |*v, m| v.* ^= m;
+
+        const seed_mask = mgf1(Hash, db, mgf_buf[0..seed.len]);
+        for (seed, seed_mask) |*v, m| v.* ^= m;
+
+        const m = try Fe.fromBytes(pk.modulus, em, .big);
+        const e = try pk.modulus.powPublic(m, pk.public_exponent);
+        try e.toBytes(em, .big);
+        return em;
+    }
+};
+
+pub const SecretKey = struct {
+    /// `d`
+    private_exponent: Fe,
+
+    pub const FromBytesError = ValueError || ff.OverflowError || ff.FieldElementError;
+
+    pub fn fromBytes(n: Modulus, exp: []const u8) FromBytesError!SecretKey {
+        const d = try Fe.fromBytes(n, exp, .big);
+        if (std.debug.runtime_safety) {
+            // > The RSA private exponent d is a positive integer less than n
+            // > satisfying e * d == 1 (mod \lambda(n)),
+            if (!d.isOdd()) return error.Exponent;
+            if (d.v.compare(n.v) != .lt) return error.Exponent;
+        }
+
+        return .{ .private_exponent = d };
+    }
+};
+
+pub const KeyPair = struct {
+    public: PublicKey,
+    secret: SecretKey,
+
+    pub const FromDerError = PublicKey.FromBytesError || SecretKey.FromBytesError || der.Parser.Error || error{ KeyMismatch, InvalidVersion };
+
+    pub fn fromDer(bytes: []const u8) FromDerError!KeyPair {
+        var parser = der.Parser{ .bytes = bytes };
+        const seq = try parser.expectSequence();
+        const version = try parser.expectInt(u8);
+
+        const mod = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+        const pub_exp = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+        const sec_exp = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+
+        const public = try PublicKey.fromBytes(parser.view(mod), parser.view(pub_exp));
+        const secret = try SecretKey.fromBytes(public.modulus, parser.view(sec_exp));
+
+        const prime1 = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+        const prime2 = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+        const exp1 = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+        const exp2 = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+        const coeff = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+        _ = .{ exp1, exp2, coeff };
+
+        switch (version) {
+            0 => {},
+            1 => {
+                _ = try parser.expectSequenceOf();
+                while (!parser.eof()) {
+                    _ = try parser.expectSequence();
+                    const ri = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+                    const di = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+                    const ti = try parser.expectPrimitive(.integer);
+                    _ = .{ ri, di, ti };
+                }
+            },
+            else => return error.InvalidVersion,
+        }
+
+        try parser.expectEnd(seq.slice.end);
+        try parser.expectEnd(bytes.len);
+
+        if (std.debug.runtime_safety) {
+            const p = try Fe.fromBytes(public.modulus, parser.view(prime1), .big);
+            const q = try Fe.fromBytes(public.modulus, parser.view(prime2), .big);
+
+            // check that n = p * q
+            const expected_zero = public.modulus.mul(p, q);
+            if (!expected_zero.isZero()) return error.KeyMismatch;
+
+            // TODO: check that d * e is one mod p-1 and mod q-1. Note d and e were bound
+            // const de = secret.private_exponent.mul(public.public_exponent);
+            // const one = public.modulus.one();
+
+            // if (public.modulus.mul(de, p).compare(one) != .eq) return error.KeyMismatch;
+            // if (public.modulus.mul(de, q).compare(one) != .eq) return error.KeyMismatch;
+        }
+
+        return .{ .public = public, .secret = secret };
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated.
+    pub fn signPkcsv1_5(kp: KeyPair, comptime Hash: type, msg: []const u8, out: []u8) !PKCS1v1_5(Hash).Signature {
+        var st = try signerPkcsv1_5(kp, Hash);
+        st.update(msg);
+        return try st.finalize(out);
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated.
+    pub fn signerPkcsv1_5(kp: KeyPair, comptime Hash: type) !PKCS1v1_5(Hash).Signer {
+        return PKCS1v1_5(Hash).Signer.init(kp);
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated.
+    pub fn decryptPkcsv1_5(kp: KeyPair, ciphertext: []const u8, out: []u8) ![]const u8 {
+        const k = kp.public.modulus.byteLen();
+        if (out.len < k) return error.BufferTooSmall;
+
+        const em = out[0..k];
+
+        const m = try Fe.fromBytes(kp.public.modulus, ciphertext, .big);
+        const e = try kp.public.modulus.pow(m, kp.secret.private_exponent);
+        try e.toBytes(em, .big);
+
+        // Care shall be taken to ensure that an opponent cannot
+        // distinguish these error conditions, whether by error
+        // message or timing.
+        const msg_start = ct.lastIndexOfScalar(em, 0) orelse em.len;
+        const ps_len = em.len - msg_start;
+        if (ct.@"or"(em[0] != 0, ct.@"or"(em[1] != 2, ps_len < 8))) {
+            return error.Inconsistent;
+        }
+
+        return em[msg_start + 1 ..];
+    }
+
+    pub fn signOaep(
+        kp: KeyPair,
+        comptime Hash: type,
+        msg: []const u8,
+        salt: ?[]const u8,
+        out: []u8,
+    ) !Pss(Hash).Signature {
+        var st = try signerOaep(kp, Hash, salt);
+        st.update(msg);
+        return try st.finalize(out);
+    }
+
+    /// Salt must outlive returned `PSS.Signer`.
+    pub fn signerOaep(kp: KeyPair, comptime Hash: type, salt: ?[]const u8) !Pss(Hash).Signer {
+        return Pss(Hash).Signer.init(kp, salt);
+    }
+
+    pub fn decryptOaep(
+        kp: KeyPair,
+        comptime Hash: type,
+        ciphertext: []const u8,
+        label: []const u8,
+        out: []u8,
+    ) ![]u8 {
+        // align variable names with spec
+        const k = kp.public.modulus.byteLen();
+        if (out.len < k) return error.BufferTooSmall;
+
+        const mod = try Fe.fromBytes(kp.public.modulus, ciphertext, .big);
+        const exp = kp.public.modulus.pow(mod, kp.secret.private_exponent) catch unreachable;
+        const em = out[0..k];
+        try exp.toBytes(em, .big);
+
+        const y = em[0];
+        const seed = em[1..][0..Hash.digest_length];
+        const db = em[1 + Hash.digest_length ..];
+
+        var mgf_buf: [max_modulus_len]u8 = undefined;
+
+        const seed_mask = mgf1(Hash, db, mgf_buf[0..seed.len]);
+        for (seed, seed_mask) |*v, m| v.* ^= m;
+
+        const db_mask = mgf1(Hash, seed, mgf_buf[0..db.len]);
+        for (db, db_mask) |*v, m| v.* ^= m;
+
+        const expected_hash = labelHash(Hash, label);
+        const actual_hash = db[0..expected_hash.len];
+
+        // Care shall be taken to ensure that an opponent cannot
+        // distinguish these error conditions, whether by error
+        // message or timing.
+        const msg_start = ct.indexOfScalarPos(em, expected_hash.len + 1, 1) orelse 0;
+        if (ct.@"or"(y != 0, ct.@"or"(msg_start == 0, !ct.memEql(&expected_hash, actual_hash)))) {
+            return error.Inconsistent;
+        }
+
+        return em[msg_start + 1 ..];
+    }
+
+    /// Encrypt short plaintext with secret key.
+    pub fn encrypt(kp: KeyPair, plaintext: []const u8, out: []u8) !void {
+        const n = kp.public.modulus;
+        const k = n.byteLen();
+        if (plaintext.len > k) return error.MessageTooLong;
+
+        const msg_as_int = try Fe.fromBytes(n, plaintext, .big);
+        const enc_as_int = try n.pow(msg_as_int, kp.secret.private_exponent);
+        try enc_as_int.toBytes(out, .big);
+    }
+};
+
+/// Deprecated.
+///
+/// Signature Scheme with Appendix v1.5 (RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5)
+///
+/// This standard has been superceded by PSS which is formally proven secure
+/// and has fewer footguns.
+pub fn PKCS1v1_5(comptime Hash: type) type {
+    return struct {
+        const PkcsT = @This();
+        pub const Signature = struct {
+            bytes: []const u8,
+
+            const Self = @This();
+
+            pub fn verifier(self: Self, public_key: PublicKey) !Verifier {
+                return Verifier.init(self, public_key);
+            }
+
+            pub fn verify(self: Self, msg: []const u8, public_key: PublicKey) !void {
+                var st = Verifier.init(self, public_key);
+                st.update(msg);
+                return st.verify();
+            }
+        };
+
+        pub const Signer = struct {
+            h: Hash,
+            key_pair: KeyPair,
+
+            fn init(key_pair: KeyPair) Signer {
+                return .{
+                    .h = Hash.init(.{}),
+                    .key_pair = key_pair,
+                };
+            }
+
+            pub fn update(self: *Signer, data: []const u8) void {
+                self.h.update(data);
+            }
+
+            pub fn finalize(self: *Signer, out: []u8) !PkcsT.Signature {
+                const k = self.key_pair.public.modulus.byteLen();
+                if (out.len < k) return error.BufferTooSmall;
+
+                var hash: [Hash.digest_length]u8 = undefined;
+                self.h.final(&hash);
+
+                const em = try emsaEncode(hash, out[0..k]);
+                try self.key_pair.encrypt(em, em);
+                return .{ .bytes = em };
+            }
+        };
+
+        pub const Verifier = struct {
+            h: Hash,
+            sig: PkcsT.Signature,
+            public_key: PublicKey,
+
+            fn init(sig: PkcsT.Signature, public_key: PublicKey) Verifier {
+                return Verifier{
+                    .h = Hash.init(.{}),
+                    .sig = sig,
+                    .public_key = public_key,
+                };
+            }
+
+            pub fn update(self: *Verifier, data: []const u8) void {
+                self.h.update(data);
+            }
+
+            pub fn verify(self: *Verifier) !void {
+                const pk = self.public_key;
+                const s = try Fe.fromBytes(pk.modulus, self.sig.bytes, .big);
+                const emm = try pk.modulus.powPublic(s, pk.public_exponent);
+
+                var em_buf: [max_modulus_len]u8 = undefined;
+                const em = em_buf[0..pk.modulus.byteLen()];
+                try emm.toBytes(em, .big);
+
+                var hash: [Hash.digest_length]u8 = undefined;
+                self.h.final(&hash);
+
+                // TODO: compare hash values instead of emsa values
+                const expected = try emsaEncode(hash, em);
+
+                if (!std.mem.eql(u8, expected, em)) return error.Inconsistent;
+            }
+        };
+
+        /// PKCS Encrypted Message Signature Appendix
+        fn emsaEncode(hash: [Hash.digest_length]u8, out: []u8) ![]u8 {
+            const digest_header = comptime digestHeader();
+            const tLen = digest_header.len + Hash.digest_length;
+            const emLen = out.len;
+            if (emLen < tLen + 11) return error.ModulusTooShort;
+            if (out.len < emLen) return error.BufferTooSmall;
+
+            var res = out[0..emLen];
+            res[0] = 0;
+            res[1] = 1;
+            const padding_len = emLen - tLen - 3;
+            @memset(res[2..][0..padding_len], 0xff);
+            res[2 + padding_len] = 0;
+            @memcpy(res[2 + padding_len + 1 ..][0..digest_header.len], digest_header);
+            @memcpy(res[res.len - hash.len ..], &hash);
+
+            return res;
+        }
+
+        /// DER encoded header. Sequence of digest algo + digest.
+        /// TODO: use a DER encoder instead
+        fn digestHeader() []const u8 {
+            const sha2 = std.crypto.hash.sha2;
+            // Section 9.2 Notes 1.
+            return switch (Hash) {
+                std.crypto.hash.Sha1 => &hexToBytes(
+                    \\30 21 30 09 06 05 2b 0e 03 02 1a 05 00 04 14
+                ),
+                sha2.Sha224 => &hexToBytes(
+                    \\30 2d 30 0d 06 09 60 86 48 01 65 03 04 02 04
+                    \\05 00 04 1c
+                ),
+                sha2.Sha256 => &hexToBytes(
+                    \\30 31 30 0d 06 09 60 86 48 01 65 03 04 02 01 05 00
+                    \\04 20
+                ),
+                sha2.Sha384 => &hexToBytes(
+                    \\30 41 30 0d 06 09 60 86 48 01 65 03 04 02 02 05 00
+                    \\04 30
+                ),
+                sha2.Sha512 => &hexToBytes(
+                    \\30 51 30 0d 06 09 60 86 48 01 65 03 04 02 03 05 00
+                    \\04 40
+                ),
+                sha2.Sha512224 => &hexToBytes(
+                    \\30 2d 30 0d 06 09 60 86 48 01 65 03 04 02 05
+                    \\05 00 04 1c
+                ),
+                sha2.Sha512256 => &hexToBytes(
+                    \\30 31 30 0d 06 09 60 86 48 01 65 03 04 02 06
+                    \\05 00 04 20
+                ),
+                else => @compileError("unknown Hash " ++ @typeName(Hash)),
+            };
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// Probabilistic Signature Scheme (RSASSA-PSS)
+pub fn Pss(comptime Hash: type) type {
+    return struct {
+        // RFC 4055 S3.1
+        pub const default_salt_len = 32;
+
+        pub const Signature = struct {
+            bytes: []const u8,
+
+            const Self = @This();
+
+            pub fn verifier(self: Self, public_key: PublicKey) !Verifier {
+                return Verifier.init(self, public_key);
+            }
+
+            pub fn verify(self: Self, msg: []const u8, public_key: PublicKey, salt_len: ?usize) !void {
+                var st = Verifier.init(self, public_key, salt_len orelse default_salt_len);
+                st.update(msg);
+                return st.verify();
+            }
+        };
+
+        const PssT = @This();
+
+        pub const Signer = struct {
+            h: Hash,
+            key_pair: KeyPair,
+            salt: ?[]const u8,
+
+            fn init(key_pair: KeyPair, salt: ?[]const u8) Signer {
+                return .{
+                    .h = Hash.init(.{}),
+                    .key_pair = key_pair,
+                    .salt = salt,
+                };
+            }
+
+            pub fn update(self: *Signer, data: []const u8) void {
+                self.h.update(data);
+            }
+
+            pub fn finalize(self: *Signer, out: []u8) !PssT.Signature {
+                var hashed: [Hash.digest_length]u8 = undefined;
+                self.h.final(&hashed);
+
+                const salt = if (self.salt) |s| s else brk: {
+                    var res: [default_salt_len]u8 = undefined;
+                    std.crypto.random.bytes(&res);
+                    break :brk &res;
+                };
+
+                const em_bits = self.key_pair.public.modulus.bits() - 1;
+                const em = try emsaEncode(hashed, salt, em_bits, out);
+                try self.key_pair.encrypt(em, em);
+                return .{ .bytes = em };
+            }
+        };
+
+        pub const Verifier = struct {
+            h: Hash,
+            sig: PssT.Signature,
+            public_key: PublicKey,
+            salt_len: usize,
+
+            fn init(sig: PssT.Signature, public_key: PublicKey, salt_len: usize) Verifier {
+                return Verifier{
+                    .h = Hash.init(.{}),
+                    .sig = sig,
+                    .public_key = public_key,
+                    .salt_len = salt_len,
+                };
+            }
+
+            pub fn update(self: *Verifier, data: []const u8) void {
+                self.h.update(data);
+            }
+
+            pub fn verify(self: *Verifier) !void {
+                const pk = self.public_key;
+                const s = try Fe.fromBytes(pk.modulus, self.sig.bytes, .big);
+                const emm = try pk.modulus.powPublic(s, pk.public_exponent);
+
+                var em_buf: [max_modulus_len]u8 = undefined;
+                const em_bits = pk.modulus.bits() - 1;
+                const em_len = std.math.divCeil(usize, em_bits, 8) catch unreachable;
+                var em = em_buf[0..em_len];
+                try emm.toBytes(em, .big);
+
+                if (em.len < Hash.digest_length + self.salt_len + 2) return error.Inconsistent;
+                if (em[em.len - 1] != 0xbc) return error.Inconsistent;
+
+                const db = em[0 .. em.len - Hash.digest_length - 1];
+                if (@clz(db[0]) < em.len * 8 - em_bits) return error.Inconsistent;
+
+                const expected_hash = em[db.len..][0..Hash.digest_length];
+                var mgf_buf: [max_modulus_len]u8 = undefined;
+                const db_mask = mgf1(Hash, expected_hash, mgf_buf[0..db.len]);
+                for (db, db_mask) |*v, m| v.* ^= m;
+
+                for (1..db.len - self.salt_len - 1) |i| {
+                    if (db[i] != 0) return error.Inconsistent;
+                }
+                if (db[db.len - self.salt_len - 1] != 1) return error.Inconsistent;
+                const salt = db[db.len - self.salt_len ..];
+                var mp_buf: [max_modulus_len]u8 = undefined;
+                var mp = mp_buf[0 .. 8 + Hash.digest_length + self.salt_len];
+                @memset(mp[0..8], 0);
+                self.h.final(mp[8..][0..Hash.digest_length]);
+                @memcpy(mp[8 + Hash.digest_length ..][0..salt.len], salt);
+
+                var actual_hash: [Hash.digest_length]u8 = undefined;
+                Hash.hash(mp, &actual_hash, .{});
+
+                if (!std.mem.eql(u8, expected_hash, &actual_hash)) return error.Inconsistent;
+            }
+        };
+
+        /// PSS Encrypted Message Signature Appendix
+        fn emsaEncode(msg_hash: [Hash.digest_length]u8, salt: []const u8, em_bits: usize, out: []u8) ![]u8 {
+            const em_len = std.math.divCeil(usize, em_bits, 8) catch unreachable;
+
+            if (em_len < Hash.digest_length + salt.len + 2) return error.Encoding;
+
+            // EM = maskedDB || H || 0xbc
+            var em = out[0..em_len];
+            em[em.len - 1] = 0xbc;
+
+            var mp_buf: [max_modulus_len]u8 = undefined;
+            // M' = (0x)00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 || mHash || salt;
+            const mp = mp_buf[0 .. 8 + Hash.digest_length + salt.len];
+            @memset(mp[0..8], 0);
+            @memcpy(mp[8..][0..Hash.digest_length], &msg_hash);
+            @memcpy(mp[8 + Hash.digest_length ..][0..salt.len], salt);
+
+            // H = Hash(M')
+            const hash = em[em.len - 1 - Hash.digest_length ..][0..Hash.digest_length];
+            Hash.hash(mp, hash, .{});
+
+            // DB = PS || 0x01 || salt
+            var db = em[0 .. em_len - Hash.digest_length - 1];
+            @memset(db[0 .. db.len - salt.len - 1], 0);
+            db[db.len - salt.len - 1] = 1;
+            @memcpy(db[db.len - salt.len ..], salt);
+
+            var mgf_buf: [max_modulus_len]u8 = undefined;
+            const db_mask = mgf1(Hash, hash, mgf_buf[0..db.len]);
+            for (db, db_mask) |*v, m| v.* ^= m;
+
+            // Set the leftmost 8emLen - emBits bits of the leftmost octet
+            // in maskedDB to zero.
+            const shift = std.math.comptimeMod(8 * em_len - em_bits, 8);
+            const mask = @as(u8, 0xff) >> shift;
+            db[0] &= mask;
+
+            return em;
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// Mask generation function. Currently the only one defined.
+fn mgf1(comptime Hash: type, seed: []const u8, out: []u8) []u8 {
+    var c: [@sizeOf(u32)]u8 = undefined;
+    var tmp: [Hash.digest_length]u8 = undefined;
+
+    var i: usize = 0;
+    var counter: u32 = 0;
+    while (i < out.len) : (counter += 1) {
+        var hasher = Hash.init(.{});
+        hasher.update(seed);
+        std.mem.writeInt(u32, &c, counter, .big);
+        hasher.update(&c);
+
+        const left = out.len - i;
+        if (left >= Hash.digest_length) {
+            // optimization: write straight to `out`
+            hasher.final(out[i..][0..Hash.digest_length]);
+            i += Hash.digest_length;
+        } else {
+            hasher.final(&tmp);
+            @memcpy(out[i..][0..left], tmp[0..left]);
+            i += left;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return out;
+}
+
+test mgf1 {
+    const Hash = std.crypto.hash.sha2.Sha256;
+    var out: [Hash.digest_length * 2 + 1]u8 = undefined;
+    try std.testing.expectEqualSlices(
+        u8,
+        &hexToBytes(
+            \\ed 1b 84 6b b9 26 39 00  c8 17 82 ad 08 eb 17 01
+            \\fa 8c 72 21 c6 57 63 77  31 7f 5c e8 09 89 9f
+        ),
+        mgf1(Hash, "asdf", out[0 .. Hash.digest_length - 1]),
+    );
+    try std.testing.expectEqualSlices(
+        u8,
+        &hexToBytes(
+            \\ed 1b 84 6b b9 26 39 00  c8 17 82 ad 08 eb 17 01
+            \\fa 8c 72 21 c6 57 63 77  31 7f 5c e8 09 89 9f 5a
+            \\22 F2 80 D5 28 08 F4 93  83 76 00 DE 09 E4 EC 92
+            \\4A 2C 7C EF 0D F7 7B BE  8F 7F 12 CB 8F 33 A6 65
+            \\AB
+        ),
+        mgf1(Hash, "asdf", &out),
+    );
+}
+
+/// For OAEP.
+inline fn labelHash(comptime Hash: type, label: []const u8) [Hash.digest_length]u8 {
+    if (label.len == 0) {
+        // magic constants from NIST
+        const sha2 = std.crypto.hash.sha2;
+        switch (Hash) {
+            std.crypto.hash.Sha1 => return hexToBytes(
+                \\da39a3ee 5e6b4b0d 3255bfef 95601890
+                \\afd80709
+            ),
+            sha2.Sha256 => return hexToBytes(
+                \\e3b0c442 98fc1c14 9afbf4c8 996fb924
+                \\27ae41e4 649b934c a495991b 7852b855
+            ),
+            sha2.Sha384 => return hexToBytes(
+                \\38b060a7 51ac9638 4cd9327e b1b1e36a
+                \\21fdb711 14be0743 4c0cc7bf 63f6e1da
+                \\274edebf e76f65fb d51ad2f1 4898b95b
+            ),
+            sha2.Sha512 => return hexToBytes(
+                \\cf83e135 7eefb8bd f1542850 d66d8007
+                \\d620e405 0b5715dc 83f4a921 d36ce9ce
+                \\47d0d13c 5d85f2b0 ff8318d2 877eec2f
+                \\63b931bd 47417a81 a538327a f927da3e
+            ),
+            // just use the empty hash...
+            else => {},
+        }
+    }
+    var res: [Hash.digest_length]u8 = undefined;
+    Hash.hash(label, &res, .{});
+    return res;
+}
+
+const ct = if (std.options.side_channels_mitigations == .none) ct_unprotected else ct_protected;
+
+const ct_unprotected = struct {
+    fn lastIndexOfScalar(slice: []const u8, value: u8) ?usize {
+        return std.mem.lastIndexOfScalar(u8, slice, value);
+    }
+
+    fn indexOfScalarPos(slice: []const u8, start_index: usize, value: u8) ?usize {
+        return std.mem.indexOfScalarPos(u8, slice, start_index, value);
+    }
+
+    fn memEql(a: []const u8, b: []const u8) bool {
+        return std.mem.eql(u8, a, b);
+    }
+
+    fn @"and"(a: bool, b: bool) bool {
+        return a and b;
+    }
+
+    fn @"or"(a: bool, b: bool) bool {
+        return a or b;
+    }
+};
+
+const ct_protected = struct {
+    fn lastIndexOfScalar(slice: []const u8, value: u8) ?usize {
+        var res: ?usize = null;
+        var i: usize = slice.len;
+        while (i != 0) {
+            i -= 1;
+            if (@intFromBool(res == null) & @intFromBool(slice[i] == value) == 1) res = i;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    fn indexOfScalarPos(slice: []const u8, start_index: usize, value: u8) ?usize {
+        var res: ?usize = null;
+        for (slice[start_index..], start_index..) |c, j| {
+            if (c == value) res = j;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    fn memEql(a: []const u8, b: []const u8) bool {
+        var res: u1 = 1;
+        for (a, b) |a_elem, b_elem| {
+            res &= @intFromBool(a_elem == b_elem);
+        }
+        return res == 1;
+    }
+
+    fn @"and"(a: bool, b: bool) bool {
+        return (@intFromBool(a) & @intFromBool(b)) == 1;
+    }
+
+    fn @"or"(a: bool, b: bool) bool {
+        return (@intFromBool(a) | @intFromBool(b)) == 1;
+    }
+};
+
+test ct {
+    const c = ct_unprotected;
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(true, c.@"or"(true, false));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(true, c.@"and"(true, true));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(true, c.memEql("Asdf", "Asdf"));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(false, c.memEql("asdf", "Asdf"));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(3, c.indexOfScalarPos("asdff", 1, 'f'));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(4, c.lastIndexOfScalar("asdff", 'f'));
+}
+
+fn removeNonHex(comptime hex: []const u8) []const u8 {
+    var res: [hex.len]u8 = undefined;
+    var i: usize = 0;
+    for (hex) |c| {
+        if (std.ascii.isHex(c)) {
+            res[i] = c;
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+    return res[0..i];
+}
+
+/// For readable copy/pasting from hex viewers.
+fn hexToBytes(comptime hex: []const u8) [removeNonHex(hex).len / 2]u8 {
+    const hex2 = comptime removeNonHex(hex);
+    comptime var res: [hex2.len / 2]u8 = undefined;
+    _ = comptime std.fmt.hexToBytes(&res, hex2) catch unreachable;
+    return res;
+}
+
+test hexToBytes {
+    const hex =
+        \\e3b0c442 98fc1c14 9afbf4c8 996fb924
+        \\27ae41e4 649b934c a495991b 7852b855
+    ;
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(
+        [_]u8{
+            0xe3, 0xb0, 0xc4, 0x42, 0x98, 0xfc, 0x1c, 0x14,
+            0x9a, 0xfb, 0xf4, 0xc8, 0x99, 0x6f, 0xb9, 0x24,
+            0x27, 0xae, 0x41, 0xe4, 0x64, 0x9b, 0x93, 0x4c,
+            0xa4, 0x95, 0x99, 0x1b, 0x78, 0x52, 0xb8, 0x55,
+        },
+        hexToBytes(hex),
+    );
+}
+
+const TestHash = std.crypto.hash.sha2.Sha256;
+fn testKeypair() !KeyPair {
+    const keypair_bytes = @embedFile("testdata/id_rsa.der");
+    const kp = try KeyPair.fromDer(keypair_bytes);
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(2048, kp.public.modulus.bits());
+    return kp;
+}
+
+test "rsa PKCS1-v1_5 encrypt and decrypt" {
+    const kp = try testKeypair();
+
+    const msg = "rsa PKCS1-v1_5 encrypt and decrypt";
+    var out: [max_modulus_len]u8 = undefined;
+    const enc = try kp.public.encryptPkcsv1_5(msg, &out);
+
+    var out2: [max_modulus_len]u8 = undefined;
+    const dec = try kp.decryptPkcsv1_5(enc, &out2);
+
+    try std.testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, msg, dec);
+}
+
+test "rsa OAEP encrypt and decrypt" {
+    const kp = try testKeypair();
+
+    const msg = "rsa OAEP encrypt and decrypt";
+    const label = "";
+    var out: [max_modulus_len]u8 = undefined;
+    const enc = try kp.public.encryptOaep(TestHash, msg, label, &out);
+
+    var out2: [max_modulus_len]u8 = undefined;
+    const dec = try kp.decryptOaep(TestHash, enc, label, &out2);
+
+    try std.testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, msg, dec);
+}
+
+test "rsa PKCS1-v1_5 signature" {
+    const kp = try testKeypair();
+
+    const msg = "rsa PKCS1-v1_5 signature";
+    var out: [max_modulus_len]u8 = undefined;
+
+    const signature = try kp.signPkcsv1_5(TestHash, msg, &out);
+    try signature.verify(msg, kp.public);
+}
+
+test "rsa PSS signature" {
+    const kp = try testKeypair();
+
+    const msg = "rsa PSS signature";
+    var out: [max_modulus_len]u8 = undefined;
+
+    const salts = [_][]const u8{ "asdf", "" };
+    for (salts) |salt| {
+        const signature = try kp.signOaep(TestHash, msg, salt, &out);
+        try signature.verify(msg, kp.public, salt.len);
+    }
+
+    const signature = try kp.signOaep(TestHash, msg, null, &out); // random salt
+    try signature.verify(msg, kp.public, null);
+}
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/testdata/ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256_wycheproof.zig b/lib/std/crypto/testdata/ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256_wycheproof.zig
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f1e693197036
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/testdata/ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256_wycheproof.zig
@@ -0,0 +1,2740 @@
+// generated from ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256_test.json by gen_wycheproof.zig
+pub const Test = struct {
+    comment: []const u8,
+    msg: []const u8,
+    sig: []const u8,
+    result: enum {
+        valid,
+        invalid,
+        acceptable,
+    },
+};
+pub const TestGroup = struct {
+    key: []const u8,
+    tests: []const Test,
+};
+
+pub const test_groups = [_]TestGroup{
+    .{
+        .key = "042927b10512bae3eddcfe467828128bad2903269919f7086069c8c4df6c732838c7787964eaac00e5921fb1498a60f4606766b3d9685001558d1a974e7341513e",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "signature malleability",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e1802204cd60b855d442f5b3c7b11eb6c4e0ae7525fe710fab9aa7c77a67f79e6fadd76",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Legacy:ASN encoding of s misses leading 0",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180220b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .acceptable,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "valid",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "long form encoding of length of sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30814502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "length of sequence contains leading 0",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3082004502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "wrong length of sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304602202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "wrong length of sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "uint32 overflow in length of sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3085010000004502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "uint64 overflow in length of sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "308901000000000000004502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "length of sequence = 2**31 - 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30847fffffff02202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "length of sequence = 2**32 - 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3084ffffffff02202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "length of sequence = 2**40 - 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3085ffffffffff02202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "length of sequence = 2**64 - 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3088ffffffffffffffff02202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "incorrect length of sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30ff02202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "indefinite length without termination",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "308002202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "indefinite length without termination",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502802ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "indefinite length without termination",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18028000b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "removing sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "lonely sequence tag",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "appending 0's to sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304702202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db0000",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "prepending 0's to sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3047000002202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "appending unused 0's to sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db0000",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "appending null value to sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304702202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db0500",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "including garbage",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304a498177304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "including garbage",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30492500304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "including garbage",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3047304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db0004deadbeef",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "including garbage",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304a222549817702202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "including garbage",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30492224250002202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "including garbage",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304d222202202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180004deadbeef022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "including garbage",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304a02202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e182226498177022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "including garbage",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304902202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e1822252500022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "including garbage",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304d02202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e182223022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db0004deadbeef",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "including undefined tags",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304daa00bb00cd00304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "including undefined tags",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304baa02aabb304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "including undefined tags",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304d2228aa00bb00cd0002202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "including undefined tags",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304b2226aa02aabb02202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "including undefined tags",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304d02202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e182229aa00bb00cd00022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "including undefined tags",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304b02202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e182227aa02aabb022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "truncated length of sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3081",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "using composition with indefinite length",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3080304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db0000",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "using composition with indefinite length",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3049228002202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180000022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "using composition with indefinite length",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304902202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e182280022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db0000",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "using composition with wrong tag",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3080314502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db0000",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "using composition with wrong tag",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3049228003202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180000022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "using composition with wrong tag",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304902202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e182280032100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db0000",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Replacing sequence with NULL",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "0500",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "changing tag value of sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "2e4502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "changing tag value of sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "2f4502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "changing tag value of sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "314502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "changing tag value of sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "324502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "changing tag value of sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "ff4502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "dropping value of sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3000",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "using composition for sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30493001023044202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "truncated sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "truncated sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3044202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "indefinite length",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "308002202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db0000",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "indefinite length with truncated delimiter",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "308002202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db00",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "indefinite length with additional element",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "308002202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db05000000",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "indefinite length with truncated element",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "308002202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db060811220000",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "indefinite length with garbage",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "308002202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db0000fe02beef",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "indefinite length with nonempty EOC",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "308002202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db0002beef",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "prepend empty sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3047300002202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "append empty sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304702202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db3000",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "append garbage with high tag number",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304802202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847dbbf7f00",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "sequence of sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3047304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "truncated sequence: removed last 1 elements",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "302202202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "repeating element in sequence",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "306802202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "long form encoding of length of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30460281202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "long form encoding of length of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304602202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e1802812100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "length of integer contains leading 0",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3047028200202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "length of integer contains leading 0",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304702202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180282002100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "wrong length of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502212ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "wrong length of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3045021f2ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "wrong length of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022200b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "wrong length of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022000b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "uint32 overflow in length of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304a028501000000202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "uint32 overflow in length of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304a02202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180285010000002100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "uint64 overflow in length of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304e02890100000000000000202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "uint64 overflow in length of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304e02202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18028901000000000000002100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "length of integer = 2**31 - 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304902847fffffff2ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "length of integer = 2**31 - 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304902202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e1802847fffffff00b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "length of integer = 2**32 - 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30490284ffffffff2ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "length of integer = 2**32 - 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304902202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180284ffffffff00b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "length of integer = 2**40 - 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304a0285ffffffffff2ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "length of integer = 2**40 - 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304a02202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180285ffffffffff00b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "length of integer = 2**64 - 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304d0288ffffffffffffffff2ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "length of integer = 2**64 - 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304d02202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180288ffffffffffffffff00b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "incorrect length of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502ff2ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "incorrect length of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e1802ff00b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "removing integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3023022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "lonely integer tag",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "302402022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "lonely integer tag",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "302302202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e1802",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "appending 0's to integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304702222ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180000022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "appending 0's to integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304702202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022300b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db0000",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "prepending 0's to integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3047022200002ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "prepending 0's to integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304702202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180223000000b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "appending unused 0's to integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304702202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180000022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "appending null value to integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304702222ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180500022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "appending null value to integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304702202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022300b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db0500",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "truncated length of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30250281022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "truncated length of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "302402202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180281",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Replacing integer with NULL",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30250500022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Replacing integer with NULL",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "302402202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180500",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "changing tag value of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304500202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "changing tag value of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304501202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "changing tag value of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304503202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "changing tag value of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304504202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "changing tag value of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3045ff202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "changing tag value of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18002100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "changing tag value of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18012100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "changing tag value of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18032100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "changing tag value of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18042100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "changing tag value of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18ff2100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "dropping value of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30250200022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "dropping value of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "302402202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180200",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "using composition for integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3049222402012b021fa3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "using composition for integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304902202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e1822250201000220b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "modify first byte of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3045022029a3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "modify first byte of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022102b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "modify last byte of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e98022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "modify last byte of integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b491568475b",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "truncated integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3044021f2ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "truncated integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3044021fa3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "truncated integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022000b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "leading ff in integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30460221ff2ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "leading ff in integer",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304602202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180222ff00b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "replaced integer by infinity",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026090180022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "replaced integer by infinity",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "302502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18090180",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "replacing integer with zero",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026020100022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "replacing integer with zero",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "302502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18020100",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Modified r or s, e.g. by adding or subtracting the order of the group",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30460221012ba3a8bd6b94d5ed80a6d9d1190a436ebccc0833490686deac8635bcb9bf5369022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Modified r or s, e.g. by adding or subtracting the order of the group",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30460221ff2ba3a8bf6b94d5eb80a6d9d1190a436f42fe12d7fad749d4c512a036c0f908c7022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Modified r or s, e.g. by adding or subtracting the order of the group",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30450220d45c5741946b2a137f59262ee6f5bc91001af27a5e1117a64733950642a3d1e8022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Modified r or s, e.g. by adding or subtracting the order of the group",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3046022100d45c5740946b2a147f59262ee6f5bc90bd01ed280528b62b3aed5fc93f06f739022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Modified r or s, e.g. by adding or subtracting the order of the group",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30460221fed45c5742946b2a127f59262ee6f5bc914333f7ccb6f979215379ca434640ac97022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Modified r or s, e.g. by adding or subtracting the order of the group",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30460221012ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Modified r or s, e.g. by adding or subtracting the order of the group",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3046022100d45c5741946b2a137f59262ee6f5bc91001af27a5e1117a64733950642a3d1e8022100b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Modified r or s, e.g. by adding or subtracting the order of the group",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022101b329f478a2bbd0a6c384ee1493b1f518276e0e4a5375928d6fcd160c11cb6d2c",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Modified r or s, e.g. by adding or subtracting the order of the group",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180220b329f47aa2bbd0a4c384ee1493b1f518ada018ef05465583885980861905228a",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Modified r or s, e.g. by adding or subtracting the order of the group",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180221ff4cd60b865d442f5a3c7b11eb6c4e0ae79578ec6353a20bf783ecb4b6ea97b825",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Modified r or s, e.g. by adding or subtracting the order of the group",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e180221fe4cd60b875d442f593c7b11eb6c4e0ae7d891f1b5ac8a6d729032e9f3ee3492d4",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Modified r or s, e.g. by adding or subtracting the order of the group",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e18022101b329f479a2bbd0a5c384ee1493b1f5186a87139cac5df4087c134b49156847db",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Modified r or s, e.g. by adding or subtracting the order of the group",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402202ba3a8be6b94d5ec80a6d9d1190a436effe50d85a1eee859b8cc6af9bd5c2e1802204cd60b865d442f5a3c7b11eb6c4e0ae79578ec6353a20bf783ecb4b6ea97b825",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3006020100020100",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3006020100020101",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30060201000201ff",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026020100022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632551",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026020100022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632550",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026020100022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632552",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026020100022100ffffffff00000001000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026020100022100ffffffff00000001000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3008020100090380fe01",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3006020100090142",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3006020101020100",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3006020101020101",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30060201010201ff",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026020101022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632551",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026020101022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632550",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026020101022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632552",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026020101022100ffffffff00000001000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026020101022100ffffffff00000001000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3008020101090380fe01",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3006020101090142",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30060201ff020100",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30060201ff020101",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30060201ff0201ff",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30260201ff022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632551",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30260201ff022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632550",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30260201ff022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632552",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30260201ff022100ffffffff00000001000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30260201ff022100ffffffff00000001000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30080201ff090380fe01",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30060201ff090142",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632551020100",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632551020101",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc6325510201ff",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3046022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632551022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632551",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "Signature with special case values for r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
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+                .sig = "304402205291deaf24659ffbbce6e3c26f6021097a74abdbb69be4fb10419c0c496c9466022065d6fcf336d27cc7cdb982bb4e4ecef5827f84742f29f10abf83469270a03dc3",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "31353431313033353938",
+                .sig = "30450220207a3241812d75d947419dc58efb05e8003b33fc17eb50f9d15166a88479f107022100cdee749f2e492b213ce80b32d0574f62f1c5d70793cf55e382d5caadf7592767",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "3130343738353830313238",
+                .sig = "304502206554e49f82a855204328ac94913bf01bbe84437a355a0a37c0dee3cf81aa7728022100aea00de2507ddaf5c94e1e126980d3df16250a2eaebc8be486effe7f22b4f929",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "3130353336323835353638",
+                .sig = "3046022100a54c5062648339d2bff06f71c88216c26c6e19b4d80a8c602990ac82707efdfc022100e99bbe7fcfafae3e69fd016777517aa01056317f467ad09aff09be73c9731b0d",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "393533393034313035",
+                .sig = "3045022100975bd7157a8d363b309f1f444012b1a1d23096593133e71b4ca8b059cff37eaf02207faa7a28b1c822baa241793f2abc930bd4c69840fe090f2aacc46786bf919622",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "393738383438303339",
+                .sig = "304402205694a6f84b8f875c276afd2ebcfe4d61de9ec90305afb1357b95b3e0da43885e02200dffad9ffd0b757d8051dec02ebdf70d8ee2dc5c7870c0823b6ccc7c679cbaa4",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "33363130363732343432",
+                .sig = "3045022100a0c30e8026fdb2b4b4968a27d16a6d08f7098f1a98d21620d7454ba9790f1ba602205e470453a8a399f15baf463f9deceb53acc5ca64459149688bd2760c65424339",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "31303534323430373035",
+                .sig = "30440220614ea84acf736527dd73602cd4bb4eea1dfebebd5ad8aca52aa0228cf7b99a880220737cc85f5f2d2f60d1b8183f3ed490e4de14368e96a9482c2a4dd193195c902f",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "35313734343438313937",
+                .sig = "3045022100bead6734ebe44b810d3fb2ea00b1732945377338febfd439a8d74dfbd0f942fa02206bb18eae36616a7d3cad35919fd21a8af4bbe7a10f73b3e036a46b103ef56e2a",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "31393637353631323531",
+                .sig = "30440220499625479e161dacd4db9d9ce64854c98d922cbf212703e9654fae182df9bad2022042c177cf37b8193a0131108d97819edd9439936028864ac195b64fca76d9d693",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "33343437323533333433",
+                .sig = "3045022008f16b8093a8fb4d66a2c8065b541b3d31e3bfe694f6b89c50fb1aaa6ff6c9b20221009d6455e2d5d1779748573b611cb95d4a21f967410399b39b535ba3e5af81ca2e",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "333638323634333138",
+                .sig = "3046022100be26231b6191658a19dd72ddb99ed8f8c579b6938d19bce8eed8dc2b338cb5f8022100e1d9a32ee56cffed37f0f22b2dcb57d5c943c14f79694a03b9c5e96952575c89",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "33323631313938363038",
+                .sig = "3045022015e76880898316b16204ac920a02d58045f36a229d4aa4f812638c455abe0443022100e74d357d3fcb5c8c5337bd6aba4178b455ca10e226e13f9638196506a1939123",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "39363738373831303934",
+                .sig = "30440220352ecb53f8df2c503a45f9846fc28d1d31e6307d3ddbffc1132315cc07f16dad02201348dfa9c482c558e1d05c5242ca1c39436726ecd28258b1899792887dd0a3c6",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "34393538383233383233",
+                .sig = "304402204a40801a7e606ba78a0da9882ab23c7677b8642349ed3d652c5bfa5f2a9558fb02203a49b64848d682ef7f605f2832f7384bdc24ed2925825bf8ea77dc5981725782",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "383234363337383337",
+                .sig = "3045022100eacc5e1a8304a74d2be412b078924b3bb3511bac855c05c9e5e9e44df3d61e9602207451cd8e18d6ed1885dd827714847f96ec4bb0ed4c36ce9808db8f714204f6d1",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "3131303230383333373736",
+                .sig = "304502202f7a5e9e5771d424f30f67fdab61e8ce4f8cd1214882adb65f7de94c31577052022100ac4e69808345809b44acb0b2bd889175fb75dd050c5a449ab9528f8f78daa10c",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "313333383731363438",
+                .sig = "3045022100ffcda40f792ce4d93e7e0f0e95e1a2147dddd7f6487621c30a03d710b3300219022079938b55f8a17f7ed7ba9ade8f2065a1fa77618f0b67add8d58c422c2453a49a",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "333232313434313632",
+                .sig = "304602210081f2359c4faba6b53d3e8c8c3fcc16a948350f7ab3a588b28c17603a431e39a8022100cd6f6a5cc3b55ead0ff695d06c6860b509e46d99fccefb9f7f9e101857f74300",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "3130363836363535353436",
+                .sig = "3045022100dfc8bf520445cbb8ee1596fb073ea283ea130251a6fdffa5c3f5f2aaf75ca8080220048e33efce147c9dd92823640e338e68bfd7d0dc7a4905b3a7ac711e577e90e7",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "3632313535323436",
+                .sig = "3046022100ad019f74c6941d20efda70b46c53db166503a0e393e932f688227688ba6a576202210093320eb7ca0710255346bdbb3102cdcf7964ef2e0988e712bc05efe16c199345",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "37303330383138373734",
+                .sig = "3046022100ac8096842e8add68c34e78ce11dd71e4b54316bd3ebf7fffdeb7bd5a3ebc1883022100f5ca2f4f23d674502d4caf85d187215d36e3ce9f0ce219709f21a3aac003b7a8",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "35393234353233373434",
+                .sig = "30440220677b2d3a59b18a5ff939b70ea002250889ddcd7b7b9d776854b4943693fb92f702206b4ba856ade7677bf30307b21f3ccda35d2f63aee81efd0bab6972cc0795db55",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "31343935353836363231",
+                .sig = "30450220479e1ded14bcaed0379ba8e1b73d3115d84d31d4b7c30e1f05e1fc0d5957cfb0022100918f79e35b3d89487cf634a4f05b2e0c30857ca879f97c771e877027355b2443",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "34303035333134343036",
+                .sig = "3044022043dfccd0edb9e280d9a58f01164d55c3d711e14b12ac5cf3b64840ead512a0a302201dbe33fa8ba84533cd5c4934365b3442ca1174899b78ef9a3199f49584389772",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "33303936343537353132",
+                .sig = "304402205b09ab637bd4caf0f4c7c7e4bca592fea20e9087c259d26a38bb4085f0bbff11022045b7eb467b6748af618e9d80d6fdcd6aa24964e5a13f885bca8101de08eb0d75",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "32373834303235363230",
+                .sig = "304502205e9b1c5a028070df5728c5c8af9b74e0667afa570a6cfa0114a5039ed15ee06f022100b1360907e2d9785ead362bb8d7bd661b6c29eeffd3c5037744edaeb9ad990c20",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "32363138373837343138",
+                .sig = "304502200671a0a85c2b72d54a2fb0990e34538b4890050f5a5712f6d1a7a5fb8578f32e022100db1846bab6b7361479ab9c3285ca41291808f27fd5bd4fdac720e5854713694c",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "31363432363235323632",
+                .sig = "304402207673f8526748446477dbbb0590a45492c5d7d69859d301abbaedb35b2095103a02203dc70ddf9c6b524d886bed9e6af02e0e4dec0d417a414fed3807ef4422913d7c",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "36383234313839343336",
+                .sig = "304402207f085441070ecd2bb21285089ebb1aa6450d1a06c36d3ff39dfd657a796d12b50220249712012029870a2459d18d47da9aa492a5e6cb4b2d8dafa9e4c5c54a2b9a8b",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "special case hash",
+                .msg = "343834323435343235",
+                .sig = "3046022100914c67fb61dd1e27c867398ea7322d5ab76df04bc5aa6683a8e0f30a5d287348022100fa07474031481dda4953e3ac1959ee8cea7e66ec412b38d6c96d28f6d37304ea",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "040ad99500288d466940031d72a9f5445a4d43784640855bf0a69874d2de5fe103c5011e6ef2c42dcd50d5d3d29f99ae6eba2c80c9244f4c5422f0979ff0c3ba5e",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "k*G has a large x-coordinate",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "303502104319055358e8617b0c46353d039cdaab022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc63254e",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "r too large",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3046022100ffffffff00000001000000000000000000000000fffffffffffffffffffffffc022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc63254e",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04ab05fd9d0de26b9ce6f4819652d9fc69193d0aa398f0fba8013e09c58220455419235271228c786759095d12b75af0692dd4103f19f6a8c32f49435a1e9b8d45",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "r,s are large",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3046022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc63254f022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc63254e",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "0480984f39a1ff38a86a68aa4201b6be5dfbfecf876219710b07badf6fdd4c6c5611feb97390d9826e7a06dfb41871c940d74415ed3cac2089f1445019bb55ed95",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "r and s^-1 have a large Hamming weight",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100909135bdb6799286170f5ead2de4f6511453fe50914f3df2de54a36383df8dd4",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "044201b4272944201c3294f5baa9a3232b6dd687495fcc19a70a95bc602b4f7c0595c37eba9ee8171c1bb5ac6feaf753bc36f463e3aef16629572c0c0a8fb0800e",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "r and s^-1 have a large Hamming weight",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022027b4577ca009376f71303fd5dd227dcef5deb773ad5f5a84360644669ca249a5",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04a71af64de5126a4a4e02b7922d66ce9415ce88a4c9d25514d91082c8725ac9575d47723c8fbe580bb369fec9c2665d8e30a435b9932645482e7c9f11e872296b",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "small r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3006020105020101",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "046627cec4f0731ea23fc2931f90ebe5b7572f597d20df08fc2b31ee8ef16b15726170ed77d8d0a14fc5c9c3c4c9be7f0d3ee18f709bb275eaf2073e258fe694a5",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "small r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3006020105020103",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "045a7c8825e85691cce1f5e7544c54e73f14afc010cb731343262ca7ec5a77f5bfef6edf62a4497c1bd7b147fb6c3d22af3c39bfce95f30e13a16d3d7b2812f813",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "small r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3006020105020105",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04cbe0c29132cd738364fedd603152990c048e5e2fff996d883fa6caca7978c73770af6a8ce44cb41224b2603606f4c04d188e80bff7cc31ad5189d4ab0d70e8c1",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "small r and s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3006020105020106",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "r is larger than n",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632556020106",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "044be4178097002f0deab68f0d9a130e0ed33a6795d02a20796db83444b037e13920f13051e0eecdcfce4dacea0f50d1f247caa669f193c1b4075b51ae296d2d56",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "s is larger than n",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3026020105022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc75fbd8",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04d0f73792203716afd4be4329faa48d269f15313ebbba379d7783c97bf3e890d9971f4a3206605bec21782bf5e275c714417e8f566549e6bc68690d2363c89cc1",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "small r and s^-1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3027020201000221008f1e3c7862c58b16bb76eddbb76eddbb516af4f63f2d74d76e0d28c9bb75ea88",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "044838b2be35a6276a80ef9e228140f9d9b96ce83b7a254f71ccdebbb8054ce05ffa9cbc123c919b19e00238198d04069043bd660a828814051fcb8aac738a6c6b",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "smallish r and s^-1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "302c02072d9b4d347952d6022100ef3043e7329581dbb3974497710ab11505ee1c87ff907beebadd195a0ffe6d7a",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "047393983ca30a520bbc4783dc9960746aab444ef520c0a8e771119aa4e74b0f64e9d7be1ab01a0bf626e709863e6a486dbaf32793afccf774e2c6cd27b1857526",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "100-bit r and small s^-1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3032020d1033e67e37b32b445580bf4eff0221008b748b74000000008b748b748b748b7466e769ad4a16d3dcd87129b8e91d1b4d",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "045ac331a1103fe966697379f356a937f350588a05477e308851b8a502d5dfcdc5fe9993df4b57939b2b8da095bf6d794265204cfe03be995a02e65d408c871c0b",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "small r and 100 bit s^-1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "302702020100022100ef9f6ba4d97c09d03178fa20b4aaad83be3cf9cb824a879fec3270fc4b81ef5b",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "041d209be8de2de877095a399d3904c74cc458d926e27bb8e58e5eae5767c41509dd59e04c214f7b18dce351fc2a549893a6860e80163f38cc60a4f2c9d040d8c9",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "100-bit r and s^-1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3032020d062522bbd3ecbe7c39e93e7c25022100ef9f6ba4d97c09d03178fa20b4aaad83be3cf9cb824a879fec3270fc4b81ef5b",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04083539fbee44625e3acaafa2fcb41349392cef0633a1b8fabecee0c133b10e99915c1ebe7bf00df8535196770a58047ae2a402f26326bb7d41d4d7616337911e",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "r and s^-1 are close to n",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3045022100ffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc6324d50220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "048aeb368a7027a4d64abdea37390c0c1d6a26f399e2d9734de1eb3d0e1937387405bd13834715e1dbae9b875cf07bd55e1b6691c7f7536aef3b19bf7a4adf576d",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "s == 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30250220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70020101",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "s == 0",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30250220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70020100",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04b533d4695dd5b8c5e07757e55e6e516f7e2c88fa0239e23f60e8ec07dd70f2871b134ee58cc583278456863f33c3a85d881f7d4a39850143e29d4eaf009afe47",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "point at infinity during verify",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207fffffff800000007fffffffffffffffde737d56d38bcf4279dce5617e3192a80220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04f50d371b91bfb1d7d14e1323523bc3aa8cbf2c57f9e284de628c8b4536787b86f94ad887ac94d527247cd2e7d0c8b1291c553c9730405380b14cbb209f5fa2dd",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for signature malleability",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207fffffff800000007fffffffffffffffde737d56d38bcf4279dce5617e3192a902207fffffff800000007fffffffffffffffde737d56d38bcf4279dce5617e3192a8",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "0468ec6e298eafe16539156ce57a14b04a7047c221bafc3a582eaeb0d857c4d94697bed1af17850117fdb39b2324f220a5698ed16c426a27335bb385ac8ca6fb30",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for signature malleability",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207fffffff800000007fffffffffffffffde737d56d38bcf4279dce5617e3192a902207fffffff800000007fffffffffffffffde737d56d38bcf4279dce5617e3192a9",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "0469da0364734d2e530fece94019265fefb781a0f1b08f6c8897bdf6557927c8b866d2d3c7dcd518b23d726960f069ad71a933d86ef8abbcce8b20f71e2a847002",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "u1 == 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30450220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70022100bb5a52f42f9c9261ed4361f59422a1e30036e7c32b270c8807a419feca605023",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04d8adc00023a8edc02576e2b63e3e30621a471e2b2320620187bf067a1ac1ff3233e2b50ec09807accb36131fff95ed12a09a86b4ea9690aa32861576ba2362e1",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "u1 == n - 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30440220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70022044a5ad0ad0636d9f12bc9e0a6bdd5e1cbcb012ea7bf091fcec15b0c43202d52e",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "043623ac973ced0a56fa6d882f03a7d5c7edca02cfc7b2401fab3690dbe75ab7858db06908e64b28613da7257e737f39793da8e713ba0643b92e9bb3252be7f8fe",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "u2 == 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30440220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c700220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04cf04ea77e9622523d894b93ff52dc3027b31959503b6fa3890e5e04263f922f1e8528fb7c006b3983c8b8400e57b4ed71740c2f3975438821199bedeaecab2e9",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "u2 == n - 1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30450220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70022100aaaaaaaa00000000aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa7def51c91a0fbf034d26872ca84218e1",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04db7a2c8a1ab573e5929dc24077b508d7e683d49227996bda3e9f78dbeff773504f417f3bc9a88075c2e0aadd5a13311730cf7cc76a82f11a36eaf08a6c99a206",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100e91e1ba60fdedb76a46bcb51dc0b8b4b7e019f0a28721885fa5d3a8196623397",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04dead11c7a5b396862f21974dc4752fadeff994efe9bbd05ab413765ea80b6e1f1de3f0640e8ac6edcf89cff53c40e265bb94078a343736df07aa0318fc7fe1ff",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100fdea5843ffeb73af94313ba4831b53fe24f799e525b1e8e8c87b59b95b430ad9",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04d0bc472e0d7c81ebaed3a6ef96c18613bb1fea6f994326fbe80e00dfde67c7e9986c723ea4843d48389b946f64ad56c83ad70ff17ba85335667d1bb9fa619efd",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022003ffcabf2f1b4d2a65190db1680d62bb994e41c5251cd73b3c3dfc5e5bafc035",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04a0a44ca947d66a2acb736008b9c08d1ab2ad03776e02640f78495d458dd51c326337fe5cf8c4604b1f1c409dc2d872d4294a4762420df43a30a2392e40426add",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd02204dfbc401f971cd304b33dfdb17d0fed0fe4c1a88ae648e0d2847f74977534989",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04c9c2115290d008b45fb65fad0f602389298c25420b775019d42b62c3ce8a96b73877d25a8080dc02d987ca730f0405c2c9dbefac46f9e601cc3f06e9713973fd",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100bc4024761cd2ffd43dfdb17d0fed112b988977055cd3a8e54971eba9cda5ca71",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "045eca1ef4c287dddc66b8bccf1b88e8a24c0018962f3c5e7efa83bc1a5ff6033e5e79c4cb2c245b8c45abdce8a8e4da758d92a607c32cd407ecaef22f1c934a71",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd0220788048ed39a5ffa77bfb62fa1fda2257742bf35d128fb3459f2a0c909ee86f91",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "045caaa030e7fdf0e4936bc7ab5a96353e0a01e4130c3f8bf22d473e317029a47adeb6adc462f7058f2a20d371e9702254e9b201642005b3ceda926b42b178bef9",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd0220476d9131fd381bd917d0fed112bc9e0a5924b5ed5b11167edd8b23582b3cb15e",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04c2fd20bac06e555bb8ac0ce69eb1ea20f83a1fc3501c8a66469b1a31f619b0986237050779f52b615bd7b8d76a25fc95ca2ed32525c75f27ffc87ac397e6cbaf",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd0221008374253e3e21bd154448d0a8f640fe46fafa8b19ce78d538f6cc0a19662d3601",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "043fd6a1ca7f77fb3b0bbe726c372010068426e11ea6ae78ce17bedae4bba86ced03ce5516406bf8cfaab8745eac1cd69018ad6f50b5461872ddfc56e0db3c8ff4",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd0220357cfd3be4d01d413c5b9ede36cba5452c11ee7fe14879e749ae6a2d897a52d6",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "049cb8e51e27a5ae3b624a60d6dc32734e4989db20e9bca3ede1edf7b086911114b4c104ab3c677e4b36d6556e8ad5f523410a19f2e277aa895fc57322b4427544",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022029798c5c0ee287d4a5e8e6b799fd86b8df5225298e6ffc807cd2f2bc27a0a6d8",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04a3e52c156dcaf10502620b7955bc2b40bc78ef3d569e1223c262512d8f49602a4a2039f31c1097024ad3cc86e57321de032355463486164cf192944977df147f",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd02200b70f22c781092452dca1a5711fa3a5a1f72add1bf52c2ff7cae4820b30078dd",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04f19b78928720d5bee8e670fb90010fb15c37bf91b58a5157c3f3c059b2655e88cf701ec962fb4a11dcf273f5dc357e58468560c7cfeb942d074abd4329260509",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022016e1e458f021248a5b9434ae23f474b43ee55ba37ea585fef95c90416600f1ba",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "0483a744459ecdfb01a5cf52b27a05bb7337482d242f235d7b4cb89345545c90a8c05d49337b9649813287de9ffe90355fd905df5f3c32945828121f37cc50de6e",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd02202252d6856831b6cf895e4f0535eeaf0e5e5809753df848fe760ad86219016a97",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04dd13c6b34c56982ddae124f039dfd23f4b19bbe88cee8e528ae51e5d6f3a21d7bfad4c2e6f263fe5eb59ca974d039fc0e4c3345692fb5320bdae4bd3b42a45ff",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd02210081ffe55f178da695b28c86d8b406b15dab1a9e39661a3ae017fbe390ac0972c3",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "0467e6f659cdde869a2f65f094e94e5b4dfad636bbf95192feeed01b0f3deb7460a37e0a51f258b7aeb51dfe592f5cfd5685bbe58712c8d9233c62886437c38ba0",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u2",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd02207fffffffaaaaaaaaffffffffffffffffe9a2538f37b28a2c513dee40fecbb71a",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "042eb6412505aec05c6545f029932087e490d05511e8ec1f599617bb367f9ecaaf805f51efcc4803403f9b1ae0124890f06a43fedcddb31830f6669af292895cb0",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u2",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100b62f26b5f2a2b26f6de86d42ad8a13da3ab3cccd0459b201de009e526adf21f2",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "0484db645868eab35e3a9fd80e056e2e855435e3a6b68d75a50a854625fe0d7f356d2589ac655edc9a11ef3e075eddda9abf92e72171570ef7bf43a2ee39338cfe",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u2",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100bb1d9ac949dd748cd02bbbe749bd351cd57b38bb61403d700686aa7b4c90851e",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "0491b9e47c56278662d75c0983b22ca8ea6aa5059b7a2ff7637eb2975e386ad66349aa8ff283d0f77c18d6d11dc062165fd13c3c0310679c1408302a16854ecfbd",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u2",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022066755a00638cdaec1c732513ca0234ece52545dac11f816e818f725b4f60aaf2",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04f3ec2f13caf04d0192b47fb4c5311fb6d4dc6b0a9e802e5327f7ec5ee8e4834df97e3e468b7d0db867d6ecfe81e2b0f9531df87efdb47c1338ac321fefe5a432",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u2",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022055a00c9fcdaebb6032513ca0234ecfffe98ebe492fdf02e48ca48e982beb3669",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04d92b200aefcab6ac7dafd9acaf2fa10b3180235b8f46b4503e4693c670fccc885ef2f3aebf5b317475336256768f7c19efb7352d27e4cccadc85b6b8ab922c72",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u2",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100ab40193f9b5d76c064a27940469d9fffd31d7c925fbe05c919491d3057d66cd2",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "040a88361eb92ecca2625b38e5f98bbabb96bf179b3d76fc48140a3bcd881523cde6bdf56033f84a5054035597375d90866aa2c96b86a41ccf6edebf47298ad489",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u2",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100ca0234ebb5fdcb13ca0234ecffffffffcb0dadbbc7f549f8a26b4408d0dc8600",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04d0fb17ccd8fafe827e0c1afc5d8d80366e2b20e7f14a563a2ba50469d84375e868612569d39e2bb9f554355564646de99ac602cc6349cf8c1e236a7de7637d93",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u2",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100bfffffff3ea3677e082b9310572620ae19933a9e65b285598711c77298815ad3",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04836f33bbc1dc0d3d3abbcef0d91f11e2ac4181076c9af0a22b1e4309d3edb2769ab443ff6f901e30c773867582997c2bec2b0cb8120d760236f3a95bbe881f75",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u2",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd0220266666663bbbbbbbe6666666666666665b37902e023fab7c8f055d86e5cc41f4",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "0492f99fbe973ed4a299719baee4b432741237034dec8d72ba5103cb33e55feeb8033dd0e91134c734174889f3ebcf1b7a1ac05767289280ee7a794cebd6e69697",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u2",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100bfffffff36db6db7a492492492492492146c573f4c6dfc8d08a443e258970b09",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04d35ba58da30197d378e618ec0fa7e2e2d12cffd73ebbb2049d130bba434af09eff83986e6875e41ea432b7585a49b3a6c77cbb3c47919f8e82874c794635c1d2",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u2",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd022100bfffffff2aaaaaab7fffffffffffffffc815d0e60b3e596ecb1ad3a27cfd49c4",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "048651ce490f1b46d73f3ff475149be29136697334a519d7ddab0725c8d0793224e11c65bd8ca92dc8bc9ae82911f0b52751ce21dd9003ae60900bd825f590cc28",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u2",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd02207fffffff55555555ffffffffffffffffd344a71e6f651458a27bdc81fd976e37",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "046d8e1b12c831a0da8795650ff95f101ed921d9e2f72b15b1cdaca9826b9cfc6def6d63e2bc5c089570394a4bc9f892d5e6c7a6a637b20469a58c106ad486bf37",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u2",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd02203fffffff800000007fffffffffffffffde737d56d38bcf4279dce5617e3192aa",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "040ae580bae933b4ef2997cbdbb0922328ca9a410f627a0f7dff24cb4d920e15428911e7f8cc365a8a88eb81421a361ccc2b99e309d8dcd9a98ba83c3949d893e3",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "edge case for u2",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd02205d8ecd64a4eeba466815ddf3a4de9a8e6abd9c5db0a01eb80343553da648428f",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "045b812fd521aafa69835a849cce6fbdeb6983b442d2444fe70e134c027fc46963838a40f2a36092e9004e92d8d940cf5638550ce672ce8b8d4e15eba5499249e9",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "point duplication during verification",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502206f2347cab7dd76858fe0555ac3bc99048c4aacafdfb6bcbe05ea6c42c4934569022100bb726660235793aa9957a61e76e00c2c435109cf9a15dd624d53f4301047856b",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "045b812fd521aafa69835a849cce6fbdeb6983b442d2444fe70e134c027fc469637c75bf0c5c9f6d17ffb16d2726bf30a9c7aaf31a8d317472b1ea145ab66db616",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "duplication bug",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502206f2347cab7dd76858fe0555ac3bc99048c4aacafdfb6bcbe05ea6c42c4934569022100bb726660235793aa9957a61e76e00c2c435109cf9a15dd624d53f4301047856b",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "046adda82b90261b0f319faa0d878665a6b6da497f09c903176222c34acfef72a647e6f50dcc40ad5d9b59f7602bb222fad71a41bf5e1f9df4959a364c62e488d9",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "point with x-coordinate 0",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30250201010220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "042fca0d0a47914de77ed56e7eccc3276a601120c6df0069c825c8f6a01c9f382065f3450a1d17c6b24989a39beb1c7decfca8384fbdc294418e5d807b3c6ed7de",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "point with x-coordinate 0",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3045022101000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002203333333300000000333333333333333325c7cbbc549e52e763f1f55a327a3aa9",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04dd86d3b5f4a13e8511083b78002081c53ff467f11ebd98a51a633db76665d25045d5c8200c89f2fa10d849349226d21d8dfaed6ff8d5cb3e1b7e17474ebc18f7",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "comparison with point at infinity ",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "30440220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c7002203333333300000000333333333333333325c7cbbc549e52e763f1f55a327a3aa9",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "044fea55b32cb32aca0c12c4cd0abfb4e64b0f5a516e578c016591a93f5a0fbcc5d7d3fd10b2be668c547b212f6bb14c88f0fecd38a8a4b2c785ed3be62ce4b280",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "extreme value for k and edgecase s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207cf27b188d034f7e8a52380304b51ac3c08969e277f21b35a60b48fc476699780220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04c6a771527024227792170a6f8eee735bf32b7f98af669ead299802e32d7c3107bc3b4b5e65ab887bbd343572b3e5619261fe3a073e2ffd78412f726867db589e",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "extreme value for k and s^-1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502207cf27b188d034f7e8a52380304b51ac3c08969e277f21b35a60b48fc47669978022100b6db6db6249249254924924924924924625bd7a09bec4ca81bcdd9f8fd6b63cc",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04851c2bbad08e54ec7a9af99f49f03644d6ec6d59b207fec98de85a7d15b956efcee9960283045075684b410be8d0f7494b91aa2379f60727319f10ddeb0fe9d6",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "extreme value for k and s^-1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502207cf27b188d034f7e8a52380304b51ac3c08969e277f21b35a60b48fc47669978022100cccccccc00000000cccccccccccccccc971f2ef152794b9d8fc7d568c9e8eaa7",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04f6417c8a670584e388676949e53da7fc55911ff68318d1bf3061205acb19c48f8f2b743df34ad0f72674acb7505929784779cd9ac916c3669ead43026ab6d43f",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "extreme value for k and s^-1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207cf27b188d034f7e8a52380304b51ac3c08969e277f21b35a60b48fc4766997802203333333300000000333333333333333325c7cbbc549e52e763f1f55a327a3aaa",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04501421277be45a5eefec6c639930d636032565af420cf3373f557faa7f8a06438673d6cb6076e1cfcdc7dfe7384c8e5cac08d74501f2ae6e89cad195d0aa1371",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "extreme value for k and s^-1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207cf27b188d034f7e8a52380304b51ac3c08969e277f21b35a60b48fc47669978022049249248db6db6dbb6db6db6db6db6db5a8b230d0b2b51dcd7ebf0c9fef7c185",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "040d935bf9ffc115a527735f729ca8a4ca23ee01a4894adf0e3415ac84e808bb343195a3762fea29ed38912bd9ea6c4fde70c3050893a4375850ce61d82eba33c5",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "extreme value for k",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402207cf27b188d034f7e8a52380304b51ac3c08969e277f21b35a60b48fc47669978022016a4502e2781e11ac82cbc9d1edd8c981584d13e18411e2f6e0478c34416e3bb",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "045e59f50708646be8a589355014308e60b668fb670196206c41e748e64e4dca215de37fee5c97bcaf7144d5b459982f52eeeafbdf03aacbafef38e213624a01de",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "extreme value for k and edgecase s",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402206b17d1f2e12c4247f8bce6e563a440f277037d812deb33a0f4a13945d898c2960220555555550000000055555555555555553ef7a8e48d07df81a693439654210c70",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04169fb797325843faff2f7a5b5445da9e2fd6226f7ef90ef0bfe924104b02db8e7bbb8de662c7b9b1cf9b22f7a2e582bd46d581d68878efb2b861b131d8a1d667",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "extreme value for k and s^-1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502206b17d1f2e12c4247f8bce6e563a440f277037d812deb33a0f4a13945d898c296022100b6db6db6249249254924924924924924625bd7a09bec4ca81bcdd9f8fd6b63cc",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04271cd89c000143096b62d4e9e4ca885aef2f7023d18affdaf8b7b548981487540a1c6e954e32108435b55fa385b0f76481a609b9149ccb4b02b2ca47fe8e4da5",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "extreme value for k and s^-1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304502206b17d1f2e12c4247f8bce6e563a440f277037d812deb33a0f4a13945d898c296022100cccccccc00000000cccccccccccccccc971f2ef152794b9d8fc7d568c9e8eaa7",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "043d0bc7ed8f09d2cb7ddb46ebc1ed799ab1563a9ab84bf524587a220afe499c12e22dc3b3c103824a4f378d96adb0a408abf19ce7d68aa6244f78cb216fa3f8df",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "extreme value for k and s^-1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402206b17d1f2e12c4247f8bce6e563a440f277037d812deb33a0f4a13945d898c29602203333333300000000333333333333333325c7cbbc549e52e763f1f55a327a3aaa",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04a6c885ade1a4c566f9bb010d066974abb281797fa701288c721bcbd23663a9b72e424b690957168d193a6096fc77a2b004a9c7d467e007e1f2058458f98af316",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "extreme value for k and s^-1",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402206b17d1f2e12c4247f8bce6e563a440f277037d812deb33a0f4a13945d898c296022049249248db6db6dbb6db6db6db6db6db5a8b230d0b2b51dcd7ebf0c9fef7c185",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "048d3c2c2c3b765ba8289e6ac3812572a25bf75df62d87ab7330c3bdbad9ebfa5c4c6845442d66935b238578d43aec54f7caa1621d1af241d4632e0b780c423f5d",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "extreme value for k",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "304402206b17d1f2e12c4247f8bce6e563a440f277037d812deb33a0f4a13945d898c296022016a4502e2781e11ac82cbc9d1edd8c981584d13e18411e2f6e0478c34416e3bb",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "046b17d1f2e12c4247f8bce6e563a440f277037d812deb33a0f4a13945d898c2964fe342e2fe1a7f9b8ee7eb4a7c0f9e162bce33576b315ececbb6406837bf51f5",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "testing point duplication",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3045022100bb5a52f42f9c9261ed4361f59422a1e30036e7c32b270c8807a419feca6050230220249249246db6db6ddb6db6db6db6db6dad4591868595a8ee6bf5f864ff7be0c2",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "testing point duplication",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3044022044a5ad0ad0636d9f12bc9e0a6bdd5e1cbcb012ea7bf091fcec15b0c43202d52e0220249249246db6db6ddb6db6db6db6db6dad4591868595a8ee6bf5f864ff7be0c2",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "046b17d1f2e12c4247f8bce6e563a440f277037d812deb33a0f4a13945d898c296b01cbd1c01e58065711814b583f061e9d431cca994cea1313449bf97c840ae0a",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "testing point duplication",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3045022100bb5a52f42f9c9261ed4361f59422a1e30036e7c32b270c8807a419feca6050230220249249246db6db6ddb6db6db6db6db6dad4591868595a8ee6bf5f864ff7be0c2",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "testing point duplication",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3044022044a5ad0ad0636d9f12bc9e0a6bdd5e1cbcb012ea7bf091fcec15b0c43202d52e0220249249246db6db6ddb6db6db6db6db6dad4591868595a8ee6bf5f864ff7be0c2",
+                .result = .invalid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "0404aaec73635726f213fb8a9e64da3b8632e41495a944d0045b522eba7240fad587d9315798aaa3a5ba01775787ced05eaaf7b4e09fc81d6d1aa546e8365d525d",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "pseudorandom signature",
+                .msg = "",
+                .sig = "3045022100b292a619339f6e567a305c951c0dcbcc42d16e47f219f9e98e76e09d8770b34a02200177e60492c5a8242f76f07bfe3661bde59ec2a17ce5bd2dab2abebdf89a62e2",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "pseudorandom signature",
+                .msg = "4d7367",
+                .sig = "30450220530bd6b0c9af2d69ba897f6b5fb59695cfbf33afe66dbadcf5b8d2a2a6538e23022100d85e489cb7a161fd55ededcedbf4cc0c0987e3e3f0f242cae934c72caa3f43e9",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "pseudorandom signature",
+                .msg = "313233343030",
+                .sig = "3046022100a8ea150cb80125d7381c4c1f1da8e9de2711f9917060406a73d7904519e51388022100f3ab9fa68bd47973a73b2d40480c2ba50c22c9d76ec217257288293285449b86",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "pseudorandom signature",
+                .msg = "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+                .sig = "3045022100986e65933ef2ed4ee5aada139f52b70539aaf63f00a91f29c69178490d57fb7102203dafedfb8da6189d372308cbf1489bbbdabf0c0217d1c0ff0f701aaa7a694b9c",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "044f337ccfd67726a805e4f1600ae2849df3807eca117380239fbd816900000000ed9dea124cc8c396416411e988c30f427eb504af43a3146cd5df7ea60666d685",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "x-coordinate of the public key has many trailing 0's",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "3046022100d434e262a49eab7781e353a3565e482550dd0fd5defa013c7f29745eff3569f10221009b0c0a93f267fb6052fd8077be769c2b98953195d7bc10de844218305c6ba17a",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "x-coordinate of the public key has many trailing 0's",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "304402200fe774355c04d060f76d79fd7a772e421463489221bf0a33add0be9b1979110b0220500dcba1c69a8fbd43fa4f57f743ce124ca8b91a1f325f3fac6181175df55737",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "x-coordinate of the public key has many trailing 0's",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "3045022100bb40bf217bed3fb3950c7d39f03d36dc8e3b2cd79693f125bfd06595ee1135e30220541bf3532351ebb032710bdb6a1bf1bfc89a1e291ac692b3fa4780745bb55677",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "043cf03d614d8939cfd499a07873fac281618f06b8ff87e8015c3f49726500493584fa174d791c72bf2ce3880a8960dd2a7c7a1338a82f85a9e59cdbde80000000",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "y-coordinate of the public key has many trailing 0's",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "30440220664eb7ee6db84a34df3c86ea31389a5405badd5ca99231ff556d3e75a233e73a022059f3c752e52eca46137642490a51560ce0badc678754b8f72e51a2901426a1bd",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "y-coordinate of the public key has many trailing 0's",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "304502204cd0429bbabd2827009d6fcd843d4ce39c3e42e2d1631fd001985a79d1fd8b430221009638bf12dd682f60be7ef1d0e0d98f08b7bca77a1a2b869ae466189d2acdabe3",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "y-coordinate of the public key has many trailing 0's",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "3046022100e56c6ea2d1b017091c44d8b6cb62b9f460e3ce9aed5e5fd41e8added97c56c04022100a308ec31f281e955be20b457e463440b4fcf2b80258078207fc1378180f89b55",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "043cf03d614d8939cfd499a07873fac281618f06b8ff87e8015c3f4972650049357b05e8b186e38d41d31c77f5769f22d58385ecc857d07a561a6324217fffffff",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "y-coordinate of the public key has many trailing 1's",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "304402201158a08d291500b4cabed3346d891eee57c176356a2624fb011f8fbbf34668300220228a8c486a736006e082325b85290c5bc91f378b75d487dda46798c18f285519",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "y-coordinate of the public key has many trailing 1's",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "3045022100b1db9289649f59410ea36b0c0fc8d6aa2687b29176939dd23e0dde56d309fa9d02203e1535e4280559015b0dbd987366dcf43a6d1af5c23c7d584e1c3f48a1251336",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "y-coordinate of the public key has many trailing 1's",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "3046022100b7b16e762286cb96446aa8d4e6e7578b0a341a79f2dd1a220ac6f0ca4e24ed86022100ddc60a700a139b04661c547d07bbb0721780146df799ccf55e55234ecb8f12bc",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "042829c31faa2e400e344ed94bca3fcd0545956ebcfe8ad0f6dfa5ff8effffffffa01aafaf000e52585855afa7676ade284113099052df57e7eb3bd37ebeb9222e",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "x-coordinate of the public key has many trailing 1's",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "3045022100d82a7c2717261187c8e00d8df963ff35d796edad36bc6e6bd1c91c670d9105b402203dcabddaf8fcaa61f4603e7cbac0f3c0351ecd5988efb23f680d07debd139929",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "x-coordinate of the public key has many trailing 1's",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "304402205eb9c8845de68eb13d5befe719f462d77787802baff30ce96a5cba063254af7802202c026ae9be2e2a5e7ca0ff9bbd92fb6e44972186228ee9a62b87ddbe2ef66fb5",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "x-coordinate of the public key has many trailing 1's",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "304602210096843dd03c22abd2f3b782b170239f90f277921becc117d0404a8e4e36230c28022100f2be378f526f74a543f67165976de9ed9a31214eb4d7e6db19e1ede123dd991d",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04fffffff948081e6a0458dd8f9e738f2665ff9059ad6aac0708318c4ca9a7a4f55a8abcba2dda8474311ee54149b973cae0c0fb89557ad0bf78e6529a1663bd73",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "x-coordinate of the public key is large",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "30440220766456dce1857c906f9996af729339464d27e9d98edc2d0e3b760297067421f60220402385ecadae0d8081dccaf5d19037ec4e55376eced699e93646bfbbf19d0b41",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "x-coordinate of the public key is large",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "3046022100c605c4b2edeab20419e6518a11b2dbc2b97ed8b07cced0b19c34f777de7b9fd9022100edf0f612c5f46e03c719647bc8af1b29b2cde2eda700fb1cff5e159d47326dba",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "x-coordinate of the public key is large",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "3046022100d48b68e6cabfe03cf6141c9ac54141f210e64485d9929ad7b732bfe3b7eb8a84022100feedae50c61bd00e19dc26f9b7e2265e4508c389109ad2f208f0772315b6c941",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "0400000003fa15f963949d5f03a6f5c7f86f9e0015eeb23aebbff1173937ba748e1099872070e8e87c555fa13659cca5d7fadcfcb0023ea889548ca48af2ba7e71",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "x-coordinate of the public key is small",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "3046022100b7c81457d4aeb6aa65957098569f0479710ad7f6595d5874c35a93d12a5dd4c7022100b7961a0b652878c2d568069a432ca18a1a9199f2ca574dad4b9e3a05c0a1cdb3",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "x-coordinate of the public key is small",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "304402206b01332ddb6edfa9a30a1321d5858e1ee3cf97e263e669f8de5e9652e76ff3f702205939545fced457309a6a04ace2bd0f70139c8f7d86b02cb1cc58f9e69e96cd5a",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "x-coordinate of the public key is small",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "3046022100efdb884720eaeadc349f9fc356b6c0344101cd2fd8436b7d0e6a4fb93f106361022100f24bee6ad5dc05f7613975473aadf3aacba9e77de7d69b6ce48cb60d8113385d",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04bcbb2914c79f045eaa6ecbbc612816b3be5d2d6796707d8125e9f851c18af015000000001352bb4a0fa2ea4cceb9ab63dd684ade5a1127bcf300a698a7193bc2",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "y-coordinate of the public key is small",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "3044022031230428405560dcb88fb5a646836aea9b23a23dd973dcbe8014c87b8b20eb0702200f9344d6e812ce166646747694a41b0aaf97374e19f3c5fb8bd7ae3d9bd0beff",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "y-coordinate of the public key is small",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "3046022100caa797da65b320ab0d5c470cda0b36b294359c7db9841d679174db34c4855743022100cf543a62f23e212745391aaf7505f345123d2685ee3b941d3de6d9b36242e5a0",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "y-coordinate of the public key is small",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "304502207e5f0ab5d900d3d3d7867657e5d6d36519bc54084536e7d21c336ed8001859450221009450c07f201faec94b82dfb322e5ac676688294aad35aa72e727ff0b19b646aa",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    .{
+        .key = "04bcbb2914c79f045eaa6ecbbc612816b3be5d2d6796707d8125e9f851c18af015fffffffeecad44b6f05d15b33146549c2297b522a5eed8430cff596758e6c43d",
+        .tests = &[_]Test{
+            .{
+                .comment = "y-coordinate of the public key is large",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "3046022100d7d70c581ae9e3f66dc6a480bf037ae23f8a1e4a2136fe4b03aa69f0ca25b35602210089c460f8a5a5c2bbba962c8a3ee833a413e85658e62a59e2af41d9127cc47224",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "y-coordinate of the public key is large",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "30440220341c1b9ff3c83dd5e0dfa0bf68bcdf4bb7aa20c625975e5eeee34bb396266b34022072b69f061b750fd5121b22b11366fad549c634e77765a017902a67099e0a4469",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+            .{
+                .comment = "y-coordinate of the public key is large",
+                .msg = "4d657373616765",
+                .sig = "3045022070bebe684cdcb5ca72a42f0d873879359bd1781a591809947628d313a3814f67022100aec03aca8f5587a4d535fa31027bbe9cc0e464b1c3577f4c2dcde6b2094798a9",
+                .result = .valid,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+};
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/testdata/id_rsa.der b/lib/std/crypto/testdata/id_rsa.der
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9e4f1334d16264ca8accea1d9f7212da6a14554a
GIT binary patch
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zeSISbL;>`K|Im+mAD~hY(e&`u&UtVtGUCd<a39~TYfHBg0rX3)W@-@=5902Eo=pOs
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literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/tls/Client.zig b/lib/std/crypto/tls/Client.zig
index 682c1ffe0ebb..0d53f5a5095d 100644
--- a/lib/std/crypto/tls/Client.zig
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/tls/Client.zig
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 const std = @import("../../std.zig");
 const tls = std.crypto.tls;
+const rsa = std.crypto.rsa;
 const Client = @This();
 const net = std.net;
 const mem = std.mem;
@@ -89,50 +90,38 @@ pub const StreamInterface = struct {
 };
 
 pub fn InitError(comptime Stream: type) type {
-    return std.mem.Allocator.Error || Stream.WriteError || Stream.ReadError || tls.AlertDescription.Error || error{
+    return std.mem.Allocator.Error || Stream.WriteError || Stream.ReadError || tls.AlertDescription.Error || Certificate.Parsed.VerifyError || @import("../der.zig").Parser.Error || crypto.sign.ecdsa.EcdsaP256Sha256.Signature.FromDerError || error{
         InsufficientEntropy,
-        DiskQuota,
-        LockViolation,
-        NotOpenForWriting,
+        TlsRecordOverflow,
+        TlsConnectionTruncated,
+        TlsDecodeError,
         TlsUnexpectedMessage,
         TlsIllegalParameter,
         TlsDecryptFailure,
-        TlsRecordOverflow,
         TlsBadRecordMac,
-        CertificateFieldHasInvalidLength,
-        CertificateHostMismatch,
-        CertificatePublicKeyInvalid,
-        CertificateExpired,
-        CertificateFieldHasWrongDataType,
-        CertificateIssuerMismatch,
-        CertificateNotYetValid,
-        CertificateSignatureAlgorithmMismatch,
-        CertificateSignatureAlgorithmUnsupported,
-        CertificateSignatureInvalid,
-        CertificateSignatureInvalidLength,
-        CertificateSignatureNamedCurveUnsupported,
-        CertificateSignatureUnsupportedBitCount,
-        TlsCertificateNotVerified,
-        TlsBadSignatureScheme,
-        TlsBadRsaSignatureBitCount,
-        InvalidEncoding,
-        IdentityElement,
-        SignatureVerificationFailed,
         TlsDecryptError,
-        TlsConnectionTruncated,
-        TlsDecodeError,
         UnsupportedCertificateVersion,
         CertificateTimeInvalid,
         CertificateHasUnrecognizedObjectId,
         CertificateHasInvalidBitString,
-        MessageTooLong,
-        NegativeIntoUnsigned,
-        TargetTooSmall,
-        BufferTooSmall,
-        InvalidSignature,
-        NotSquare,
+        CertificateHostMismatch,
+        TlsCertificateNotVerified,
+        TlsBadSignatureScheme,
+        InvalidEncoding,
         NonCanonical,
+        IdentityElement,
+        SignatureVerificationFailed,
         WeakPublicKey,
+        NotSquare,
+        Modulus,
+        EvenModulus,
+        ModulusTooSmall,
+        Exponent,
+        UnsupportedBitCount,
+        Inconsistent,
+        InvalidSignatureLength,
+        NullExponent,
+        InsecureBitCount,
     };
 }
 
@@ -609,20 +598,9 @@ pub fn init(stream: anytype, ca_bundle: Certificate.Bundle, host: []const u8) In
                                         return error.TlsBadSignatureScheme;
 
                                     const Hash = SchemeHash(comptime_scheme);
-                                    const rsa = Certificate.rsa;
-                                    const components = try rsa.PublicKey.parseDer(main_cert_pub_key);
-                                    const exponent = components.exponent;
-                                    const modulus = components.modulus;
-                                    switch (modulus.len) {
-                                        inline 128, 256, 512 => |modulus_len| {
-                                            const key = try rsa.PublicKey.fromBytes(exponent, modulus);
-                                            const sig = rsa.PSSSignature.fromBytes(modulus_len, encoded_sig);
-                                            try rsa.PSSSignature.verify(modulus_len, sig, verify_bytes, key, Hash);
-                                        },
-                                        else => {
-                                            return error.TlsBadRsaSignatureBitCount;
-                                        },
-                                    }
+                                    const pk = try rsa.PublicKey.fromDer(main_cert_pub_key);
+                                    const sig = rsa.Pss(Hash).Signature{ .bytes = encoded_sig };
+                                    try sig.verify(verify_bytes, pk, null);
                                 },
                                 inline .ed25519 => |comptime_scheme| {
                                     if (main_cert_pub_key_algo != .curveEd25519) return error.TlsBadSignatureScheme;