whether `Core.checked_dims` decides to throw depends on dimension order (for empty arrays)

[nsajko]

julia> b = typemax(Int) - 1
9223372036854775806

julia> Array{Int}(undef, b, b, 0)
ERROR: ArgumentError: invalid Array dimensions
Stacktrace:
 [1] checked_dims
   @ ./boot.jl:585 [inlined]
 [2] Array
   @ ./boot.jl:598 [inlined]
 [3] (Array{Int64})(::UndefInitializer, m::Int64, n::Int64, o::Int64)
   @ Core ./boot.jl:611
 [4] top-level scope
   @ REPL[2]:1

julia> Array{Int}(undef, 0, b, b)
0×9223372036854775806×9223372036854775806 Array{Int64, 3}

julia> versioninfo()
Julia Version 1.12.0-DEV.387
Commit b5bfd83a3d0 (2024-04-22 13:12 UTC)
Build Info:
  Official https://julialang.org/ release
Platform Info:
  OS: Linux (x86_64-linux-gnu)
  CPU: 8 × AMD Ryzen 3 5300U with Radeon Graphics
  WORD_SIZE: 64
  LLVM: libLLVM-16.0.6 (ORCJIT, znver2)
Threads: 1 default, 0 interactive, 1 GC (on 8 virtual cores)

Two alternative solutions:

1. When there's a zero among the dimension sizes, only check that the nonzero sizes are nonnegative and less than typemax(Int). Don't check for overflow during multiplication. This would make both examples above return.

2. Remove the zero sizes before checking for overflow. This would make both examples above throw.

[nsajko]

Affected code:

julia/base/boot.jl

Lines 553 to 587 in 8f6418e

	# checked-multiply intrinsic function for dimensions
	_checked_mul_dims() = 1, false
	_checked_mul_dims(m::Int) = m, Intrinsics.ule_int(typemax_Int, m) # equivalently: (m + 1) < 1
	function _checked_mul_dims(m::Int, n::Int)
	b = Intrinsics.checked_smul_int(m, n)
	a = getfield(b, 1)
	ovflw = getfield(b, 2)
	ovflw = Intrinsics.or_int(ovflw, Intrinsics.ule_int(typemax_Int, m))
	ovflw = Intrinsics.or_int(ovflw, Intrinsics.ule_int(typemax_Int, n))
	return a, ovflw
	end
	function _checked_mul_dims(m::Int, d::Int...)
	@_foldable_meta # the compiler needs to know this loop terminates
	a = m
	i = 1
	ovflw = false
	while Intrinsics.sle_int(i, nfields(d))
	di = getfield(d, i)
	b = Intrinsics.checked_smul_int(a, di)
	ovflw = Intrinsics.or_int(ovflw, getfield(b, 2))
	ovflw = Intrinsics.or_int(ovflw, Intrinsics.ule_int(typemax_Int, di))
	a = getfield(b, 1)
	i = Intrinsics.add_int(i, 1)
	end
	return a, ovflw
	end
	# convert a set of dims to a length, with overflow checking
	checked_dims() = 1
	checked_dims(m::Int) = m # defer this check to Memory constructor instead
	function checked_dims(d::Int...)
	b = _checked_mul_dims(d...)
	getfield(b, 2) && throw(ArgumentError("invalid Array dimensions"))
	return getfield(b, 1)
	end

[oscardssmith]

Given that 1.10 allowed both, I think this is a regression. Fix incoming.