Add an RFC for arbitrary Memory shapes.

text/0040-arbitrary-memory-shape.md

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+- Start Date: 2024-01-22
+- RFC PR: [amaranth-lang/rfcs#40](https://github.com/amaranth-lang/rfcs/pull/40)
+- Amaranth Issue: [amaranth-lang/amaranth#1048](https://github.com/amaranth-lang/amaranth/issues/1048)
+
+# Arbitrary `Memory` shapes
+
+## Summary
+[summary]: #summary
+
+Extend `Memory` to support arbitrary element shapes.
+
+## Motivation
+[motivation]: #motivation
+
+`Memory` currently only supports plain unsigned elements, with the width set by the `width` argument.
+Extending this to allow arbitrary shapes eliminates the need for manual conversion when used to store signed data and value-castables.
+
+## Guide-level explanation
+[guide-level-explanation]: #guide-level-explanation
+
+The `width` argument to `Memory()` is replaced with `shape`, accepting anything that is `ShapeLike`.
+Since a plain bit width is `ShapeLike`, this is a direct superset of existing functionality.
+
+If `shape` is shape-castable, each element passed to the `init` argument is passed through `shape.const()`.
+
+Example:
+```python
+RGB = StructLayout({"r": 8, "g": 8, "b": 8})
+
+palette = Memory(shape = RGB, depth = 16, init = [
+    {"r": 0, "g": 0, "b": 0},
+    {"r": 255, "g": 0, "b": 0},
+    # ...
+])
+```
+
+## Reference-level explanation
+[reference-level-explanation]: #reference-level-explanation
+
+`Memory.__init__()` gets a new `shape` argument, accepting any `ShapeLike`.
+
+The `width` argument to `Memory.__init__()` deprecated and removed in a later Amaranth version. Passing both `width` and `shape` is an error.
+
+The `Memory.shape` attribute is added.
+
+The `Memory.width` attribute is made a read-only wrapper for `Shape.cast(self.shape).width`.
+
+The `Memory.depth` attribute is made read-only.
+
+`ReadPort.data` and `WritePort.data` are updated to be `Signal(memory.shape)`.
+
+`WritePort.__init__()` raises an exception if `granularity` is specified and `shape` is not an unsigned `Shape`.
+
+`DummyPort.__init__()` gets a new `data_shape` argument. `data_width` is deprecated and removed in a later Amaranth version.
+
+## Drawbacks
+[drawbacks]: #drawbacks
+
+Churn.
+
+## Rationale and alternatives
+[rationale-and-alternatives]: #rationale-and-alternatives
+
+- This could also be accomplished by adding a wrapper around `Memory`.
+  - A wrapper would result in more code to maintain than simply updating `Memory`, since both the memory object itself and the port objects would have to be wrapped.
+
+## Prior art
+[prior-art]: #prior-art
+
+Being able to make a `Memory` with an arbitrary element shape is analogous to being able to make an array with an arbitrary element type in any high level programming language.
+
+## Unresolved questions
+[unresolved-questions]: #unresolved-questions
+
+None.
+
+## Future possibilities
+[future-possibilities]: #future-possibilities
+
+- Once `Memory` is extended to support arbitrary shapes, it is natural that higher level constructs building on `Memory` like FIFOs gets the same treatment.  
+
+- `granularity` could later be allowed to be used with other kinds of shapes.
+  - This is desirable for e.g. `lib.data.ArrayLayout`, but is not currently possible since `Memory` lives in `hdl.mem`, and `hdl` can't depend on `lib`.