GH-47607: [C++][Python] Improve integer type inference with min/max tracking

python/pyarrow/src/arrow/python/inference.cc

@@ -78,6 +78,68 @@ Status ImportPresentIntervalTypes(OwnedRefNoGIL* interval_types_tuple) {
 
 }  // namespace
 
+namespace {
+// Helper for integer type inference
+std::shared_ptr<DataType> InferIntegerType(PyObject* min_obj, PyObject* max_obj) {
+  if (min_obj == nullptr) {
+    return int64();
+  }
+
+  int min_sign = _PyLong_Sign(min_obj);
+  if (min_sign == -1) {
+    // Negative values, so must be signed
+    int64_t min_val = PyLong_AsLongLong(min_obj);
+    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+      PyErr_Clear();
+      return int64();
+    }
+    int64_t max_val = PyLong_AsLongLong(max_obj);
+    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+      PyErr_Clear();
+      return int64();
+    }
+    if (min_val >= std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::min() &&
+        max_val <= std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max()) {
+      return int8();
+    } else if (min_val >= std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::min() &&
+               max_val <= std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::max()) {
+      return int16();
+    } else if (min_val >= std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::min() &&
+               max_val <= std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()) {
+      return int32();
+    } else {
+      return int64();
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Non-negative values, could be signed or unsigned
+    uint64_t max_val = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(max_obj);
+    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+      PyErr_Clear();
+      // Might be a large signed integer, that doesn't fit in uint64
+      return int64();
+    }
+
+    if (max_val <= static_cast<uint64_t>(std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max())) {
+      return int8();
+    } else if (max_val <= std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max()) {
+      return uint8();
+    } else if (max_val <= static_cast<uint64_t>(std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::max())) {
+      return int16();
+    } else if (max_val <= std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max()) {
+      return uint16();
+    } else if (max_val <= static_cast<uint64_t>(std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max())) {
+      return int32();
+    } else if (max_val <= std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
+      return uint32();
+    } else if (max_val <= static_cast<uint64_t>(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max())) {
+      return int64();
+    } else {
+      return uint64();
+    }
+  }
+}
+}  // namespace
+
 #define _NUMPY_UNIFY_NOOP(DTYPE) \
   case NPY_##DTYPE:              \
     return OK;
@@ -331,6 +393,8 @@ class TypeInferrer {
         none_count_(0),
         bool_count_(0),
         int_count_(0),
+        min_int_(nullptr),
+        max_int_(nullptr),
         date_count_(0),
         time_count_(0),
         timestamp_micro_count_(0),
@@ -368,6 +432,23 @@ class TypeInferrer {
       *keep_going = make_unions_;
     } else if (internal::IsPyInteger(obj)) {
       ++int_count_;
+            if (min_int_ == nullptr) {
+        min_int_ = obj;
+        max_int_ = obj;
+        Py_INCREF(min_int_);
+        Py_INCREF(max_int_);
+      } else {
+        if (PyObject_RichCompareBool(obj, min_int_, Py_LT)) {
+          Py_DECREF(min_int_);
+          min_int_ = obj;
+          Py_INCREF(min_int_);
+        }
+        if (PyObject_RichCompareBool(obj, max_int_, Py_GT)) {
+          Py_DECREF(max_int_);
+          max_int_ = obj;
+          Py_INCREF(max_int_);
+        }
+      }
     } else if (PyDateTime_Check(obj)) {
       // infer timezone from the first encountered datetime object
       if (!timestamp_micro_count_) {
@@ -524,7 +605,11 @@ class TypeInferrer {
       // Prioritize floats before integers
       *out = float64();
     } else if (int_count_) {
-      *out = int64();
+           *out = InferIntegerType(min_int_, max_int_);
+      Py_XDECREF(min_int_);
+      Py_XDECREF(max_int_);
+      min_int_ = nullptr;
+      max_int_ = nullptr;
     } else if (date_count_) {
       *out = date32();
     } else if (time_count_) {
@@ -684,6 +769,8 @@ class TypeInferrer {
   int64_t none_count_;
   int64_t bool_count_;
   int64_t int_count_;
+  PyObject* min_int_;
+  PyObject* max_int_;
   int64_t date_count_;
   int64_t time_count_;
   int64_t timestamp_micro_count_;