Fix temp file filtering in FileTracker

[Forgind]

(Copied from #8351)

Fixes AB#1678521

Context
#8049 broke the temp filtering logic by using the MSBuild-specific temp path instead of the true base temp path. This manifests as an overbuild of some C++ projects.

Changes Made
Reverted the change. Enabled relevant unit tests.

Testing
Existing unit tests and a C++ end-to-end repro.

Notes
The rest of FileTracker tests cannot be enabled without significant work (related to #649).

[JanKrivanek]

Btw. would a cherrypick be possible here? The branches doesn't seem to be much diverged: https://github.com/dotnet/msbuild/compare/main...vs17.0?expand=1

If we'd do a similar thing more often then once in a blue moon, than we can introduce backport GHA:
https://github.com/dotnet/arcade/blob/main/.github/workflows/backport-base.yml

[Forgind]

Btw. would a cherrypick be possible here? The branches doesn't seem to be much diverged: https://github.com/dotnet/msbuild/compare/main...vs17.0?expand=1

If we'd do a similar thing more often then once in a blue moon, than we can introduce backport GHA: https://github.com/dotnet/arcade/blob/main/.github/workflows/backport-base.yml

I initially tried to cherry-pick, but there was apparently a conflict on the tests, so it ended up as a new commit. The 17.5 one went in more cleanly.

[JanKrivanek]

Btw. I added a proposal for minimalistic backport action - for non-diverging branches we can then port simply via comment on original PR: #8368