feat: Enabling Annotations in Responses

[franciscojavierarceo]

What does this PR do?

Implements annotations for file_search tool.

Also adds some logs and tests.

How does this work?

1. Citation Markers: Models insert <|file-id|> tokens during generation with instructions from search results
2. Post-Processing: Extract markers using regex to calculate character positions and create AnnotationFileCitation objects
3. File Mapping: Store filename metadata during vector store operations for proper citation display

Example

This is the updated quickstart.py script, which uses the extra_body to register the embedding model.

import io, requests
from openai import OpenAI

url="https://www.paulgraham.com/greatwork.html"
model = "gpt-4o-mini"
client = OpenAI(base_url="http://localhost:8321/v1/openai/v1", api_key="none")

vs = client.vector_stores.create(
    name="my_citations_db",
    extra_body={
        "embedding_model": "ollama/nomic-embed-text:latest",
        "embedding_dimension": 768,
    }
)
response = requests.get(url)
pseudo_file = io.BytesIO(str(response.content).encode('utf-8'))
file_id = client.files.create(file=(url, pseudo_file, "text/html"), purpose="assistants").id
client.vector_stores.files.create(vector_store_id=vs.id, file_id=file_id)

resp = client.responses.create(
    model=model,
    input="How do you do great work? Use our existing knowledge_search tool.",
    tools=[{"type": "file_search", "vector_store_ids": [vs.id]}],
    include=["file_search_call.results"],
)

print(resp)

Example of the full response

INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST http://localhost:8321/v1/openai/v1/vector_stores "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"
INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST http://localhost:8321/v1/openai/v1/files "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"
INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST http://localhost:8321/v1/openai/v1/vector_stores/vs_0f6f7e35-f48b-4850-8604-8117d9a50e0a/files "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"
INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST http://localhost:8321/v1/openai/v1/responses "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"
Response(id='resp-28f5793d-3272-4de3-81f6-8cbf107d5bcd', created_at=1759797954.0, error=None, incomplete_details=None, instructions=None, metadata=None, model='gpt-4o-mini', object='response', output=[ResponseFileSearchToolCall(id='call_xWtvEQETN5GNiRLLiBIDKntg', queries=['how to do great work tips'], status='completed', type='file_search_call', results=[Result(attributes={}, file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', score=1.3722624322210302, text='\\\'re looking where few have looked before.<br /><br />One sign that you\\\'re suited for some kind of work is when you like\\neven the parts that other people find tedious or frightening.<br /><br />But fields aren\\\'t people; you don\\\'t owe them any loyalty. If in the\\ncourse of working on one thing you discover another that\\\'s more\\nexciting, don\\\'t be afraid to switch.<br /><br />If you\\\'re making something for people, make sure it\\\'s something\\nthey actually want. The best way to do this is to make something\\nyou yourself want. Write the story you want to read; build the tool\\nyou want to use. Since your friends probably have similar interests,\\nthis will also get you your initial audience.<br /><br />This <i>should</i> follow from the excitingness rule. Obviously the most\\nexciting story to write will be the one you want to read. The reason\\nI mention this case explicitly is that so many people get it wrong.\\nInstead of making what they want, they try to make what some\\nimaginary, more sophisticated audience wants. And once you go down\\nthat route, you\\\'re lost.\\n<font color=#dddddd>[<a href="#f6n"><font color=#dddddd>6</font></a>]</font><br /><br />There are a lot of forces that will lead you astray when you\\\'re\\ntrying to figure out what to work on. Pretentiousness, fashion,\\nfear, money, politics, other people\\\'s wishes, eminent frauds. But\\nif you stick to what you find genuinely interesting, you\\\'ll be proof\\nagainst all of them. If you\\\'re interested, you\\\'re not astray.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />\\nFollowing your interests may sound like a rather passive strategy,\\nbut in practice it usually means following them past all sorts of\\nobstacles. You usually have to risk rejection and failure. So it\\ndoes take a good deal of boldness.<br /><br />But while you need boldness, you don\\\'t usually need much planning.\\nIn most cases the recipe for doing great work is simply: work hard\\non excitingly ambitious projects, and something good will come of\\nit. Instead of making a plan and then executing it, you just try\\nto preserve certain invariants.<br /><br />The trouble with planning is that it only works for achievements\\nyou can describe in advance. You can win a gold medal or get rich\\nby deciding to as a child and then tenaciously pursuing that goal,\\nbut you can\\\'t discover natural selection that way.<br /><br />I think for most people who want to do great work, the right strategy\\nis not to plan too much. At each stage do whatever seems most\\ninteresting and gives you the best options for the future. I call\\nthis approach "staying upwind." This is how most people who\\\'ve done\\ngreat work seem to have done it.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />\\nEven when you\\\'ve found something exciting to work on, working on\\nit is not always straightforward. There will be times when some new\\nidea makes you leap out of bed in the morning and get straight to\\nwork. But there will also be plenty of times when things aren\\\'t\\nlike that.<br /><br />You don\\\'t just put out your sail and get blown forward by inspiration.\\nThere are headwinds and currents and hidden shoals. So there\\\'s a\\ntechnique to working, just as there is to sailing.<br /><br />For example, while you must work hard, it\\\'s possible to work too\\nhard, and if'), Result(attributes={}, file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', score=1.2532794607643494, text=' with anyone who\\\'s genuinely interested. If they\\\'re\\nreally good at their work, then they probably have a hobbyist\\\'s\\ninterest in it, and hobbyists always want to talk about their\\nhobbies.<br /><br />It may take some effort to find the people who are really good,\\nthough. Doing great work has such prestige that in some places,\\nparticularly universities, there\\\'s a polite fiction that everyone\\nis engaged in it. And that is far from true. People within universities\\ncan\\\'t say so openly, but the quality of the work being done in\\ndifferent departments varies immensely. Some departments have people\\ndoing great work; others have in the past; others never have.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />\\nSeek out the best colleagues. There are a lot of projects that can\\\'t\\nbe done alone, and even if you\\\'re working on one that can be, it\\\'s\\ngood to have other people to encourage you and to bounce ideas off.<br /><br />Colleagues don\\\'t just affect your work, though; they also affect\\nyou. So work with people you want to become like, because you will.<br /><br />Quality is more important than quantity in colleagues. It\\\'s better\\nto have one or two great ones than a building full of pretty good\\nones. In fact it\\\'s not merely better, but necessary, judging from\\nhistory: the degree to which great work happens in clusters suggests\\nthat one\\\'s colleagues often make the difference between doing great\\nwork and not.<br /><br />How do you know when you have sufficiently good colleagues? In my\\nexperience, when you do, you know. Which means if you\\\'re unsure,\\nyou probably don\\\'t. But it may be possible to give a more concrete\\nanswer than that. Here\\\'s an attempt: sufficiently good colleagues\\noffer <i>surprising</i> insights. They can see and do things that you\\ncan\\\'t. So if you have a handful of colleagues good enough to keep\\nyou on your toes in this sense, you\\\'re probably over the threshold.<br /><br />Most of us can benefit from collaborating with colleagues, but some\\nprojects require people on a larger scale, and starting one of those\\nis not for everyone. If you want to run a project like that, you\\\'ll\\nhave to become a manager, and managing well takes aptitude and\\ninterest like any other kind of work. If you don\\\'t have them, there\\nis no middle path: you must either force yourself to learn management\\nas a second language, or avoid such projects.\\n<font color=#dddddd>[<a href="#f27n"><font color=#dddddd>27</font></a>]</font><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />\\nHusband your morale. It\\\'s the basis of everything when you\\\'re working\\non ambitious projects. You have to nurture and protect it like a\\nliving organism.<br /><br />Morale starts with your view of life. You\\\'re more likely to do great\\nwork if you\\\'re an optimist, and more likely to if you think of\\nyourself as lucky than if you think of yourself as a victim.<br /><br />Indeed, work can to some extent protect you from your problems. If\\nyou choose work that\\\'s pure, its very difficulties will serve as a\\nrefuge from the difficulties of everyday life. If this is escapism,\\nit\\\'s a very productive form of it, and one that has been used by\\nsome of the greatest minds in history.<br /><br />Morale compounds via work: high morale helps you do good work, which\\nincreases your morale and helps you do even'), Result(attributes={}, file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', score=1.1973485818164222, text=' your\\nability and interest can take you. And you can only answer that by\\ntrying.<br /><br />Many more people could try to do great work than do. What holds\\nthem back is a combination of modesty and fear. It seems presumptuous\\nto try to be Newton or Shakespeare. It also seems hard; surely if\\nyou tried something like that, you\\\'d fail. Presumably the calculation\\nis rarely explicit. Few people consciously decide not to try to do\\ngreat work. But that\\\'s what\\\'s going on subconsciously; they shy\\naway from the question.<br /><br />So I\\\'m going to pull a sneaky trick on you. Do you want to do great\\nwork, or not? Now you have to decide consciously. Sorry about that.\\nI wouldn\\\'t have done it to a general audience. But we already know\\nyou\\\'re interested.<br /><br />Don\\\'t worry about being presumptuous. You don\\\'t have to tell anyone.\\nAnd if it\\\'s too hard and you fail, so what? Lots of people have\\nworse problems than that. In fact you\\\'ll be lucky if it\\\'s the worst\\nproblem you have.<br /><br />Yes, you\\\'ll have to work hard. But again, lots of people have to\\nwork hard. And if you\\\'re working on something you find very\\ninteresting, which you necessarily will if you\\\'re on the right path,\\nthe work will probably feel less burdensome than a lot of your\\npeers\\\'.<br /><br />The discoveries are out there, waiting to be made. Why not by you?<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />\\n<b>Notes</b><br /><br />[<a name="f1n"><font color=#000000>1</font></a>]\\nI don\\\'t think you could give a precise definition of what\\ncounts as great work. Doing great work means doing something important\\nso well that you expand people\\\'s ideas of what\\\'s possible. But\\nthere\\\'s no threshold for importance. It\\\'s a matter of degree, and\\noften hard to judge at the time anyway. So I\\\'d rather people focused\\non developing their interests rather than worrying about whether\\nthey\\\'re important or not. Just try to do something amazing, and\\nleave it to future generations to say if you succeeded.<br /><br />[<a name="f2n"><font color=#000000>2</font></a>]\\nA lot of standup comedy is based on noticing anomalies in\\neveryday life. "Did you ever notice...?" New ideas come from doing\\nthis about nontrivial things. Which may help explain why people\\\'s\\nreaction to a new idea is often the first half of laughing: Ha!<br /><br />[<a name="f3n"><font color=#000000>3</font></a>]\\nThat second qualifier is critical. If you\\\'re excited about\\nsomething most authorities discount, but you can\\\'t give a more\\nprecise explanation than "they don\\\'t get it," then you\\\'re starting\\nto drift into the territory of cranks.<br /><br />[<a name="f4n"><font color=#000000>4</font></a>]\\nFinding something to work on is not simply a matter of finding\\na match between the current version of you and a list of known\\nproblems. You\\\'ll often have to coevolve with the problem. That\\\'s\\nwhy it can sometimes be so hard to figure out what to work on. The\\nsearch space is huge. It\\\'s the cartesian product of all possible\\nt'), Result(attributes={}, file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', score=1.1764591706535943, text='\\noptimistic, and even though one of the sources of their optimism\\nis ignorance, in this case ignorance can sometimes beat knowledge.<br /><br />Try to finish what you start, though, even if it turns out to be\\nmore work than you expected. Finishing things is not just an exercise\\nin tidiness or self-discipline. In many projects a lot of the best\\nwork happens in what was meant to be the final stage.<br /><br />Another permissible lie is to exaggerate the importance of what\\nyou\\\'re working on, at least in your own mind. If that helps you\\ndiscover something new, it may turn out not to have been a lie after\\nall.\\n<font color=#dddddd>[<a href="#f7n"><font color=#dddddd>7</font></a>]</font><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />\\nSince there are two senses of starting work &mdash; per day and per\\nproject &mdash; there are also two forms of procrastination. Per-project\\nprocrastination is far the more dangerous. You put off starting\\nthat ambitious project from year to year because the time isn\\\'t\\nquite right. When you\\\'re procrastinating in units of years, you can\\nget a lot not done.\\n<font color=#dddddd>[<a href="#f8n"><font color=#dddddd>8</font></a>]</font><br /><br />One reason per-project procrastination is so dangerous is that it\\nusually camouflages itself as work. You\\\'re not just sitting around\\ndoing nothing; you\\\'re working industriously on something else. So\\nper-project procrastination doesn\\\'t set off the alarms that per-day\\nprocrastination does. You\\\'re too busy to notice it.<br /><br />The way to beat it is to stop occasionally and ask yourself: Am I\\nworking on what I most want to work on? When you\\\'re young it\\\'s ok\\nif the answer is sometimes no, but this gets increasingly dangerous\\nas you get older.\\n<font color=#dddddd>[<a href="#f9n"><font color=#dddddd>9</font></a>]</font><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />\\nGreat work usually entails spending what would seem to most people\\nan unreasonable amount of time on a problem. You can\\\'t think of\\nthis time as a cost, or it will seem too high. You have to find the\\nwork sufficiently engaging as it\\\'s happening.<br /><br />There may be some jobs where you have to work diligently for years\\nat things you hate before you get to the good part, but this is not\\nhow great work happens. Great work happens by focusing consistently\\non something you\\\'re genuinely interested in. When you pause to take\\nstock, you\\\'re surprised how far you\\\'ve come.<br /><br />The reason we\\\'re surprised is that we underestimate the cumulative\\neffect of work. Writing a page a day doesn\\\'t sound like much, but\\nif you do it every day you\\\'ll write a book a year. That\\\'s the key:\\nconsistency. People who do great things don\\\'t get a lot done every\\nday. They get something done, rather than nothing.<br /><br />If you do work that compounds, you\\\'ll get exponential growth. Most\\npeople who do this do it unconsciously, but it\\\'s worth stopping to\\nthink about. Learning, for example, is an instance of this phenomenon:\\nthe more you learn about something, the easier it is to learn more.\\nGrowing an audience is another: the more fans you have, the more\\nnew fans they\\\'ll bring you.<br /><br />'), Result(attributes={}, file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', score=1.174069664815369, text='\\ninside.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Let\\\'s talk a little more about the complicated business of figuring\\nout what to work on. The main reason it\\\'s hard is that you can\\\'t\\ntell what most kinds of work are like except by doing them. Which\\nmeans the four steps overlap: you may have to work at something for\\nyears before you know how much you like it or how good you are at\\nit. And in the meantime you\\\'re not doing, and thus not learning\\nabout, most other kinds of work. So in the worst case you choose\\nlate based on very incomplete information.\\n<font color=#dddddd>[<a href="#f4n"><font color=#dddddd>4</font></a>]</font><br /><br />The nature of ambition exacerbates this problem. Ambition comes in\\ntwo forms, one that precedes interest in the subject and one that\\ngrows out of it. Most people who do great work have a mix, and the\\nmore you have of the former, the harder it will be to decide what\\nto do.<br /><br />The educational systems in most countries pretend it\\\'s easy. They\\nexpect you to commit to a field long before you could know what\\nit\\\'s really like. And as a result an ambitious person on an optimal\\ntrajectory will often read to the system as an instance of breakage.<br /><br />It would be better if they at least admitted it &mdash; if they admitted\\nthat the system not only can\\\'t do much to help you figure out what\\nto work on, but is designed on the assumption that you\\\'ll somehow\\nmagically guess as a teenager. They don\\\'t tell you, but I will:\\nwhen it comes to figuring out what to work on, you\\\'re on your own.\\nSome people get lucky and do guess correctly, but the rest will\\nfind themselves scrambling diagonally across tracks laid down on\\nthe assumption that everyone does.<br /><br />What should you do if you\\\'re young and ambitious but don\\\'t know\\nwhat to work on? What you should <i>not</i> do is drift along passively,\\nassuming the problem will solve itself. You need to take action.\\nBut there is no systematic procedure you can follow. When you read\\nbiographies of people who\\\'ve done great work, it\\\'s remarkable how\\nmuch luck is involved. They discover what to work on as a result\\nof a chance meeting, or by reading a book they happen to pick up.\\nSo you need to make yourself a big target for luck, and the way to\\ndo that is to be curious. Try lots of things, meet lots of people,\\nread lots of books, ask lots of questions.\\n<font color=#dddddd>[<a href="#f5n"><font color=#dddddd>5</font></a>]</font><br /><br />When in doubt, optimize for interestingness. Fields change as you\\nlearn more about them. What mathematicians do, for example, is very\\ndifferent from what you do in high school math classes. So you need\\nto give different types of work a chance to show you what they\\\'re\\nlike. But a field should become <i>increasingly</i> interesting as you\\nlearn more about it. If it doesn\\\'t, it\\\'s probably not for you.<br /><br />Don\\\'t worry if you find you\\\'re interested in different things than\\nother people. The stranger your tastes in interestingness, the\\nbetter. Strange tastes are often strong ones, and a strong taste\\nfor work means you\\\'ll be productive. And you\\\'re more likely to find\\nnew things if you'), Result(attributes={}, file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', score=1.158095578895721, text='. Don\\\'t copy the manner of\\nan eminent 50 year old professor if you\\\'re 18, for example, or the\\nidiom of a Renaissance poem hundreds of years later.<br /><br />Some of the features of things you admire are flaws they succeeded\\ndespite. Indeed, the features that are easiest to imitate are the\\nmost likely to be the flaws.<br /><br />This is particularly true for behavior. Some talented people are\\njerks, and this sometimes makes it seem to the inexperienced that\\nbeing a jerk is part of being talented. It isn\\\'t; being talented\\nis merely how they get away with it.<br /><br />One of the most powerful kinds of copying is to copy something from\\none field into another. History is so full of chance discoveries\\nof this type that it\\\'s probably worth giving chance a hand by\\ndeliberately learning about other kinds of work. You can take ideas\\nfrom quite distant fields if you let them be metaphors.<br /><br />Negative examples can be as inspiring as positive ones. In fact you\\ncan sometimes learn more from things done badly than from things\\ndone well; sometimes it only becomes clear what\\\'s needed when it\\\'s\\nmissing.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />\\nIf a lot of the best people in your field are collected in one\\nplace, it\\\'s usually a good idea to visit for a while. It will\\nincrease your ambition, and also, by showing you that these people\\nare human, increase your self-confidence.\\n<font color=#dddddd>[<a href="#f26n"><font color=#dddddd>26</font></a>]</font><br /><br />If you\\\'re earnest you\\\'ll probably get a warmer welcome than you\\nmight expect. Most people who are very good at something are happy\\nto talk about it with anyone who\\\'s genuinely interested. If they\\\'re\\nreally good at their work, then they probably have a hobbyist\\\'s\\ninterest in it, and hobbyists always want to talk about their\\nhobbies.<br /><br />It may take some effort to find the people who are really good,\\nthough. Doing great work has such prestige that in some places,\\nparticularly universities, there\\\'s a polite fiction that everyone\\nis engaged in it. And that is far from true. People within universities\\ncan\\\'t say so openly, but the quality of the work being done in\\ndifferent departments varies immensely. Some departments have people\\ndoing great work; others have in the past; others never have.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />\\nSeek out the best colleagues. There are a lot of projects that can\\\'t\\nbe done alone, and even if you\\\'re working on one that can be, it\\\'s\\ngood to have other people to encourage you and to bounce ideas off.<br /><br />Colleagues don\\\'t just affect your work, though; they also affect\\nyou. So work with people you want to become like, because you will.<br /><br />Quality is more important than quantity in colleagues. It\\\'s better\\nto have one or two great ones than a building full of pretty good\\nones. In fact it\\\'s not merely better, but necessary, judging from\\nhistory: the degree to which great work happens in clusters suggests\\nthat one\\\'s colleagues often make the difference between doing great\\nwork and not.<br /><br />How do you know when you have sufficiently good colleagues? In my\\nexperience, when you do, you know. Which means if you\\\'re unsure,\\nyou probably don\\\'t. But it may be possible to give a more concrete\\nanswer than that. Here\\\'s an attempt: sufficiently good'), Result(attributes={}, file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', score=1.1566747762241967, text=',\\nbut in practice it usually means following them past all sorts of\\nobstacles. You usually have to risk rejection and failure. So it\\ndoes take a good deal of boldness.<br /><br />But while you need boldness, you don\\\'t usually need much planning.\\nIn most cases the recipe for doing great work is simply: work hard\\non excitingly ambitious projects, and something good will come of\\nit. Instead of making a plan and then executing it, you just try\\nto preserve certain invariants.<br /><br />The trouble with planning is that it only works for achievements\\nyou can describe in advance. You can win a gold medal or get rich\\nby deciding to as a child and then tenaciously pursuing that goal,\\nbut you can\\\'t discover natural selection that way.<br /><br />I think for most people who want to do great work, the right strategy\\nis not to plan too much. At each stage do whatever seems most\\ninteresting and gives you the best options for the future. I call\\nthis approach "staying upwind." This is how most people who\\\'ve done\\ngreat work seem to have done it.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />\\nEven when you\\\'ve found something exciting to work on, working on\\nit is not always straightforward. There will be times when some new\\nidea makes you leap out of bed in the morning and get straight to\\nwork. But there will also be plenty of times when things aren\\\'t\\nlike that.<br /><br />You don\\\'t just put out your sail and get blown forward by inspiration.\\nThere are headwinds and currents and hidden shoals. So there\\\'s a\\ntechnique to working, just as there is to sailing.<br /><br />For example, while you must work hard, it\\\'s possible to work too\\nhard, and if you do that you\\\'ll find you get diminishing returns:\\nfatigue will make you stupid, and eventually even damage your health.\\nThe point at which work yields diminishing returns depends on the\\ntype. Some of the hardest types you might only be able to do for\\nfour or five hours a day.<br /><br />Ideally those hours will be contiguous. To the extent you can, try\\nto arrange your life so you have big blocks of time to work in.\\nYou\\\'ll shy away from hard tasks if you know you might be interrupted.<br /><br />It will probably be harder to start working than to keep working.\\nYou\\\'ll often have to trick yourself to get over that initial\\nthreshold. Don\\\'t worry about this; it\\\'s the nature of work, not a\\nflaw in your character. Work has a sort of activation energy, both\\nper day and per project. And since this threshold is fake in the\\nsense that it\\\'s higher than the energy required to keep going, it\\\'s\\nok to tell yourself a lie of corresponding magnitude to get over\\nit.<br /><br />It\\\'s usually a mistake to lie to yourself if you want to do great\\nwork, but this is one of the rare cases where it isn\\\'t. When I\\\'m\\nreluctant to start work in the morning, I often trick myself by\\nsaying "I\\\'ll just read over what I\\\'ve got so far." Five minutes\\nlater I\\\'ve found something that seems mistaken or incomplete, and\\nI\\\'m off.<br /><br />Similar techniques work for starting new projects. It\\\'s ok to lie\\nto yourself about how much work a project will entail, for example.\\nLots of great things began with someone saying "How hard could it\\nbe?"<br /><br />This is one case where the young have an advantage. They\\\'re more'), Result(attributes={}, file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', score=1.1349744395573516, text=' audience\\nin the traditional sense. Either way it doesn\\\'t need to be big.\\nThe value of an audience doesn\\\'t grow anything like linearly with\\nits size. Which is bad news if you\\\'re famous, but good news if\\nyou\\\'re just starting out, because it means a small but dedicated\\naudience can be enough to sustain you. If a handful of people\\ngenuinely love what you\\\'re doing, that\\\'s enough.<br /><br />To the extent you can, avoid letting intermediaries come between\\nyou and your audience. In some types of work this is inevitable,\\nbut it\\\'s so liberating to escape it that you might be better off\\nswitching to an adjacent type if that will let you go direct.\\n<font color=#dddddd>[<a href="#f28n"><font color=#dddddd>28</font></a>]</font><br /><br />The people you spend time with will also have a big effect on your\\nmorale. You\\\'ll find there are some who increase your energy and\\nothers who decrease it, and the effect someone has is not always\\nwhat you\\\'d expect. Seek out the people who increase your energy and\\navoid those who decrease it. Though of course if there\\\'s someone\\nyou need to take care of, that takes precedence.<br /><br />Don\\\'t marry someone who doesn\\\'t understand that you need to work,\\nor sees your work as competition for your attention. If you\\\'re\\nambitious, you need to work; it\\\'s almost like a medical condition;\\nso someone who won\\\'t let you work either doesn\\\'t understand you,\\nor does and doesn\\\'t care.<br /><br />Ultimately morale is physical. You think with your body, so it\\\'s\\nimportant to take care of it. That means exercising regularly,\\neating and sleeping well, and avoiding the more dangerous kinds of\\ndrugs. Running and walking are particularly good forms of exercise\\nbecause they\\\'re good for thinking.\\n<font color=#dddddd>[<a href="#f29n"><font color=#dddddd>29</font></a>]</font><br /><br />People who do great work are not necessarily happier than everyone\\nelse, but they\\\'re happier than they\\\'d be if they didn\\\'t. In fact,\\nif you\\\'re smart and ambitious, it\\\'s dangerous <i>not</i> to be productive.\\nPeople who are smart and ambitious but don\\\'t achieve much tend to\\nbecome bitter.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />\\nIt\\\'s ok to want to impress other people, but choose the right people.\\nThe opinion of people you respect is signal. Fame, which is the\\nopinion of a much larger group you might or might not respect, just\\nadds noise.<br /><br />The prestige of a type of work is at best a trailing indicator and\\nsometimes completely mistaken. If you do anything well enough,\\nyou\\\'ll make it prestigious. So the question to ask about a type of\\nwork is not how much prestige it has, but how well it could be done.<br /><br />Competition can be an effective motivator, but don\\\'t let it choose\\nthe problem for you; don\\\'t let yourself get drawn into chasing\\nsomething just because others are. In fact, don\\\'t let competitors\\nmake you do anything much more specific than work harder.<br /><br />Curiosity is the best guide. Your curiosity never lies, and it knows\\nmore than you do about what\\\'s worth paying attention to.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />\\nNotice how often that word has come up. If you asked an oracle the\\nsecret to doing great work and the oracle replied'), Result(attributes={}, file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', score=1.123214818076958, text='b\'<html><head><meta name="Keywords" content="" /><title>How to Do Great Work</title><!-- <META NAME="ROBOTS" CONTENT="NOODP"> -->\\n<link rel="shortcut icon" href="http://ycombinator.com/arc/arc.png">\\n</head><body bgcolor="#ffffff" background="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/bel-6.gif" text="#000000" link="#000099" vlink="#464646"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr valign="top"><td><map name=118ab66adb24b4f><area shape=rect coords="0,0,67,21" href="index.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,21,67,42" href="articles.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,42,67,63" href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0596006624"><area shape=rect coords="0,63,67,84" href="books.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,84,67,105" href="http://ycombinator.com"><area shape=rect coords="0,105,67,126" href="arc.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,126,67,147" href="bel.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,147,67,168" href="lisp.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,168,67,189" href="antispam.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,189,67,210" href="kedrosky.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,210,67,231" href="faq.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,231,67,252" href="raq.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,252,67,273" href="quo.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,273,67,294" href="rss.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,294,67,315" href="bio.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,315,67,336" href="https://twitter.com/paulg"><area shape=rect coords="0,336,67,357" href="https://mas.to/@paulg"></map><img src="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/bel-7.gif" width="69" height="357" usemap=#118ab66adb24b4f border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" ismap /></td><td><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="1" width="26" border="0" /></td><td><a href="index.html"><img src="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/bel-8.gif" width="410" height="45" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" /></a><br /><br /><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="435"><tr valign="top"><td width="435"><img src="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/how-to-do-great-work-2.gif" width="185" height="18" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" alt="How to Do Great Work" /><br /><br /><font size="2" face="verdana">July 2023<br /><br />If you collected lists of techniques for doing great work in a lot\\nof different fields, what would the intersection look like? I decided\\nto find out'), Result(attributes={}, file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', score=1.1193194369249235, text=' dangerous kinds of\\ndrugs. Running and walking are particularly good forms of exercise\\nbecause they\\\'re good for thinking.\\n<font color=#dddddd>[<a href="#f29n"><font color=#dddddd>29</font></a>]</font><br /><br />People who do great work are not necessarily happier than everyone\\nelse, but they\\\'re happier than they\\\'d be if they didn\\\'t. In fact,\\nif you\\\'re smart and ambitious, it\\\'s dangerous <i>not</i> to be productive.\\nPeople who are smart and ambitious but don\\\'t achieve much tend to\\nbecome bitter.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />\\nIt\\\'s ok to want to impress other people, but choose the right people.\\nThe opinion of people you respect is signal. Fame, which is the\\nopinion of a much larger group you might or might not respect, just\\nadds noise.<br /><br />The prestige of a type of work is at best a trailing indicator and\\nsometimes completely mistaken. If you do anything well enough,\\nyou\\\'ll make it prestigious. So the question to ask about a type of\\nwork is not how much prestige it has, but how well it could be done.<br /><br />Competition can be an effective motivator, but don\\\'t let it choose\\nthe problem for you; don\\\'t let yourself get drawn into chasing\\nsomething just because others are. In fact, don\\\'t let competitors\\nmake you do anything much more specific than work harder.<br /><br />Curiosity is the best guide. Your curiosity never lies, and it knows\\nmore than you do about what\\\'s worth paying attention to.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />\\nNotice how often that word has come up. If you asked an oracle the\\nsecret to doing great work and the oracle replied with a single\\nword, my bet would be on "curiosity."<br /><br />That doesn\\\'t translate directly to advice. It\\\'s not enough just to\\nbe curious, and you can\\\'t command curiosity anyway. But you can\\nnurture it and let it drive you.<br /><br />Curiosity is the key to all four steps in doing great work: it will\\nchoose the field for you, get you to the frontier, cause you to\\nnotice the gaps in it, and drive you to explore them. The whole\\nprocess is a kind of dance with curiosity.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />\\nBelieve it or not, I tried to make this essay as short as I could.\\nBut its length at least means it acts as a filter. If you made it\\nthis far, you must be interested in doing great work. And if so\\nyou\\\'re already further along than you might realize, because the\\nset of people willing to want to is small.<br /><br />The factors in doing great work are factors in the literal,\\nmathematical sense, and they are: ability, interest, effort, and\\nluck. Luck by definition you can\\\'t do anything about, so we can\\nignore that. And we can assume effort, if you do in fact want to\\ndo great work. So the problem boils down to ability and interest.\\nCan you find a kind of work where your ability and interest will\\ncombine to yield an explosion of new ideas?<br /><br />Here there are grounds for optimism. There are so many different\\nways to do great work, and even more that are still undiscovered.\\nOut of all those different types of work, the one you\\\'re most suited\\nfor is probably a pretty close match. Probably a comically close\\nmatch. It\\\'s just a question of finding it, and how far into it')]), ResponseOutputMessage(id='msg_3591ea71-8b35-4efd-a5ad-c1c250801971', content=[ResponseOutputText(annotations=[AnnotationFileCitation(file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='https://www.paulgraham.com/greatwork.html', index=361, type='file_citation'), AnnotationFileCitation(file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='https://www.paulgraham.com/greatwork.html', index=676, type='file_citation'), AnnotationFileCitation(file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='https://www.paulgraham.com/greatwork.html', index=948, type='file_citation'), AnnotationFileCitation(file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='https://www.paulgraham.com/greatwork.html', index=1259, type='file_citation'), AnnotationFileCitation(file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='https://www.paulgraham.com/greatwork.html', index=1520, type='file_citation'), AnnotationFileCitation(file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='https://www.paulgraham.com/greatwork.html', index=1747, type='file_citation')], text='To do great work, consider the following principles:\n\n1. **Follow Your Interests**: Engage in work that genuinely excites you. If you find an area intriguing, pursue it without being overly concerned about external pressures or norms. You should create things that you would want for yourself, as this often aligns with what others in your circle might want too.\n\n2. **Work Hard on Ambitious Projects**: Ambition is vital, but it should be tempered by genuine interest. Instead of detailed planning for the future, focus on exciting projects that keep your options open. This approach, known as "staying upwind," allows for adaptability and can lead to unforeseen achievements.\n\n3. **Choose Quality Colleagues**: Collaborating with talented colleagues can significantly affect your own work. Seek out individuals who offer surprising insights and whom you admire. The presence of good colleagues can elevate the quality of your work and inspire you.\n\n4. **Maintain High Morale**: Your attitude towards work and life affects your performance. Cultivating optimism and viewing yourself as lucky rather than victimized can boost your productivity. It’s essential to care for your physical health as well since it directly impacts your mental faculties and morale.\n\n5. **Be Consistent**: Great work often comes from cumulative effort. Daily progress, even in small amounts, can result in substantial achievements over time. Emphasize consistency and make the work engaging, as this reduces the perceived burden of hard labor.\n\n6. **Embrace Curiosity**: Curiosity is a driving force that can guide you in selecting fields of interest, pushing you to explore uncharted territories. Allow it to shape your work and continually seek knowledge and insights.\n\nBy focusing on these aspects, you can create an environment conducive to great work and personal fulfillment.', type='output_text', logprobs=None)], role='assistant', status='completed', type='message')], parallel_tool_calls=False, temperature=None, tool_choice=None, tools=None, top_p=None, background=None, conversation=None, max_output_tokens=None, max_tool_calls=None, previous_response_id=None, prompt=None, prompt_cache_key=None, reasoning=None, safety_identifier=None, service_tier=None, status='completed', text=ResponseTextConfig(format=ResponseFormatText(type='text'), verbosity=None), top_logprobs=None, truncation=None, usage=None, user=None)

In [34]: resp.output[1].content[0].text
Out[34]: 'To do great work, consider the following principles:\n\n1. **Follow Your Interests**: Engage in work that genuinely excites you. If you find an area intriguing, pursue it without being overly concerned about external pressures or norms. You should create things that you would want for yourself, as this often aligns with what others in your circle might want too.\n\n2. **Work Hard on Ambitious Projects**: Ambition is vital, but it should be tempered by genuine interest. Instead of detailed planning for the future, focus on exciting projects that keep your options open. This approach, known as "staying upwind," allows for adaptability and can lead to unforeseen achievements.\n\n3. **Choose Quality Colleagues**: Collaborating with talented colleagues can significantly affect your own work. Seek out individuals who offer surprising insights and whom you admire. The presence of good colleagues can elevate the quality of your work and inspire you.\n\n4. **Maintain High Morale**: Your attitude towards work and life affects your performance. Cultivating optimism and viewing yourself as lucky rather than victimized can boost your productivity. It’s essential to care for your physical health as well since it directly impacts your mental faculties and morale.\n\n5. **Be Consistent**: Great work often comes from cumulative effort. Daily progress, even in small amounts, can result in substantial achievements over time. Emphasize consistency and make the work engaging, as this reduces the perceived burden of hard labor.\n\n6. **Embrace Curiosity**: Curiosity is a driving force that can guide you in selecting fields of interest, pushing you to explore uncharted territories. Allow it to shape your work and continually seek knowledge and insights.\n\nBy focusing on these aspects, you can create an environment conducive to great work and personal fulfillment.'

The relevant output looks like this:

>resp.output[1].content[0].annotations
[AnnotationFileCitation(file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='https://www.paulgraham.com/greatwork.html', index=361, type='file_citation'),
 AnnotationFileCitation(file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='https://www.paulgraham.com/greatwork.html', index=676, type='file_citation'),
 AnnotationFileCitation(file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='https://www.paulgraham.com/greatwork.html', index=948, type='file_citation'),
 AnnotationFileCitation(file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='https://www.paulgraham.com/greatwork.html', index=1259, type='file_citation'),
 AnnotationFileCitation(file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='https://www.paulgraham.com/greatwork.html', index=1520, type='file_citation'),
 AnnotationFileCitation(file_id='file-a98ada68681c4fbeba2201e9c7213fc3', filename='https://www.paulgraham.com/greatwork.html', index=1747, type='file_citation')]```
And
```python
In [144]: print(resp.output[1].content[0].text)
To do great work, consider the following principles:

1. **Follow Your Interests**: Engage in work that genuinely excites you. If you find an area intriguing, pursue it without being overly concerned about external pressures or norms. You should create things that you would want for yourself, as this often aligns with what others in your circle might want too.

2. **Work Hard on Ambitious Projects**: Ambition is vital, but it should be tempered by genuine interest. Instead of detailed planning for the future, focus on exciting projects that keep your options open. This approach, known as "staying upwind," allows for adaptability and can lead to unforeseen achievements.

3. **Choose Quality Colleagues**: Collaborating with talented colleagues can significantly affect your own work. Seek out individuals who offer surprising insights and whom you admire. The presence of good colleagues can elevate the quality of your work and inspire you.

4. **Maintain High Morale**: Your attitude towards work and life affects your performance. Cultivating optimism and viewing yourself as lucky rather than victimized can boost your productivity. It’s essential to care for your physical health as well since it directly impacts your mental faculties and morale.

5. **Be Consistent**: Great work often comes from cumulative effort. Daily progress, even in small amounts, can result in substantial achievements over time. Emphasize consistency and make the work engaging, as this reduces the perceived burden of hard labor.

6. **Embrace Curiosity**: Curiosity is a driving force that can guide you in selecting fields of interest, pushing you to explore uncharted territories. Allow it to shape your work and continually seek knowledge and insights.

By focusing on these aspects, you can create an environment conducive to great work and personal fulfillment.

And the code below outputs only periods highlighting that the position/index behaves as expected.

print([resp.output[1].content[0].text[j.index] for j in resp.output[1].content[0].annotations])
Out[41]: ['.', '.', '.', '.', '.', '.']

Test Plan

Unit tests added.