Ensures file paths are properly encoded when passing them as arguments to linters.

[DonJayamanne]

Fixes #199

This pull request:

• Has a title summarizes what is changing
• Includes a news entry file (remember to thank yourself!)
• Has unit tests & code coverage is not adversely affected (within reason)
• Works on all actively maintained versions of Python (e.g. Python 2.7 & the latest Python 3 release)
• Works on Windows 10, macOS, and Linux (e.g. considered file system case-sensitivity)

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❗ No coverage uploaded for pull request base (master@5416af2). Click here to learn what that means.
The diff coverage is 100%.

@@            Coverage Diff            @@
##             master    #1155   +/-   ##
=========================================
  Coverage          ?   71.95%           
=========================================
  Files             ?      260           
  Lines             ?    11905           
  Branches          ?     2112           
=========================================
  Hits              ?     8566           
  Misses            ?     3213           
  Partials          ?      126

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
src/client/linters/mypy.ts	84.61% <100%> (ø)
src/client/linters/prospector.ts	80% <100%> (ø)
src/client/linters/pylint.ts	98.36% <100%> (ø)
src/client/linters/flake8.ts	100% <100%> (ø)
src/client/linters/pep8.ts	100% <100%> (ø)
src/client/linters/pylama.ts	92.85% <100%> (ø)
src/client/linters/pydocstyle.ts	95.23% <100%> (ø)

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