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This is a PR for rust-lang#45959

eddyb and others added 30 commits November 19, 2017 17:58
As reported in rust-lang#19140, rust-lang#44083, and rust-lang#44565, some users were confused when
the dead-code lint reported an enum variant to be "unused" when it was
matched on (but not constructed). This wording change makes it clearer
that the lint is in fact checking for construction.

We continue to say "used" for all other items (it's tempting to say
"called" for functions and methods, but this turns out not to be
correct: functions can be passed as arguments and the dead-code lint
isn't special-casing that or anything).

Resolves rust-lang#19140.
I have this as a Unix-only API since it seems like Windows doesn't have
a similar API.
Refactor type memory layouts and ABIs, to be more general and easier to optimize.

To combat combinatorial explosion, type layouts are now described through 3 orthogonal properties:
* `Variants` describes the plurality of sum types (where applicable)
  * `Single` is for one inhabited/active variant, including all C `struct`s and `union`s
  * `Tagged` has its variants discriminated by an integer tag, including C `enum`s
  * `NicheFilling` uses otherwise-invalid values ("niches") for all but one of its inhabited variants
* `FieldPlacement` describes the number and memory offsets of fields (if any)
  * `Union` has all its fields at offset `0`
  * `Array` has offsets that are a multiple of its `stride`; guarantees all fields have one type
  * `Arbitrary` records all the field offsets, which can be out-of-order
* `Abi` describes how values of the type should be passed around, including for FFI
  * `Uninhabited` corresponds to no values, associated with unreachable control-flow
  * `Scalar` is ABI-identical to its only integer/floating-point/pointer "scalar component"
  * `ScalarPair` has two "scalar components", but only applies to the Rust ABI
  * `Vector` is for SIMD vectors, typically `#[repr(simd)]` `struct`s in Rust
  * `Aggregate` has arbitrary contents, including all non-transparent C `struct`s and `union`s

Size optimizations implemented so far:
* ignoring uninhabited variants (i.e. containing uninhabited fields), e.g.:
  * `Option<!>` is 0 bytes
  * `Result<T, !>` has the same size as `T`
* using arbitrary niches, not just `0`, to represent a data-less variant, e.g.:
  * `Option<bool>`, `Option<Option<bool>>`, `Option<Ordering>` are all 1 byte
  * `Option<char>` is 4 bytes
* using a range of niches to represent *multiple* data-less variants, e.g.:
  * `enum E { A(bool), B, C, D }` is 1 byte

Code generation now takes advantage of `Scalar` and `ScalarPair` to, in more cases, pass around scalar components as immediates instead of indirectly, through pointers into temporary memory, while avoiding LLVM's "first-class aggregates", and there's more untapped potential here.

Closes rust-lang#44426, fixes rust-lang#5977, fixes rust-lang#14540, fixes rust-lang#43278.
…, r=michaelwoerister

[incremental] Collect stats about duplicated edge reads from queries

Part of rust-lang#45873
This commit adds a new target to the compiler: wasm32-unknown-unknown. This
target is a reimagining of what it looks like to generate WebAssembly code from
Rust. Instead of using Emscripten which can bring with it a weighty runtime this
instead is a target which uses only the LLVM backend for WebAssembly and a
"custom linker" for now which will hopefully one day be direct calls to lld.

Notable features of this target include:

* There is zero runtime footprint. The target assumes nothing exists other than
  the wasm32 instruction set.
* There is zero toolchain footprint beyond adding the target. No custom linker
  is needed, rustc contains everything.
* Very small wasm modules can be generated directly from Rust code using this
  target.
* Most of the standard library is stubbed out to return an error, but anything
  related to allocation works (aka `HashMap`, `Vec`, etc).
* Naturally, any `#[no_std]` crate should be 100% compatible with this new
  target.

This target is currently somewhat janky due to how linking works. The "linking"
is currently unconditional whole program LTO (aka LLVM is being used as a
linker). Naturally that means compiling programs is pretty slow! Eventually
though this target should have a linker.

This target is also intended to be quite experimental. I'm hoping that this can
act as a catalyst for further experimentation in Rust with WebAssembly. Breaking
changes are very likely to land to this target, so it's not recommended to rely
on it in any critical capacity yet. We'll let you know when it's "production
ready".

---

Currently testing-wise this target is looking pretty good but isn't complete.
I've got almost the entire `run-pass` test suite working with this target (lots
of tests ignored, but many passing as well). The `core` test suite is still
getting LLVM bugs fixed to get that working and will take some time. Relatively
simple programs all seem to work though!

---

It's worth nothing that you may not immediately see the "smallest possible wasm
module" for the input you feed to rustc. For various reasons it's very difficult
to get rid of the final "bloat" in vanilla rustc (again, a real linker should
fix all this). For now what you'll have to do is:

    cargo install --git https://github.com/alexcrichton/wasm-gc
    wasm-gc foo.wasm bar.wasm

And then `bar.wasm` should be the smallest we can get it!

---

In any case for now I'd love feedback on this, particularly on the various
integration points if you've got better ideas of how to approach them!
Add RefCell<T>::replace_with

I also moved the `Panic` sections to before examples in the other two functions also under this feature gate, and changed the variable names in `replace` to be more readable.

r? @rust-libs
As part of doing so, add more lang items instead of passing u128 to the i128 ones where it doesn't matter in twos-complement.
std: Add a new wasm32-unknown-unknown target

This commit adds a new target to the compiler: wasm32-unknown-unknown. This target is a reimagining of what it looks like to generate WebAssembly code from Rust. Instead of using Emscripten which can bring with it a weighty runtime this instead is a target which uses only the LLVM backend for WebAssembly and a "custom linker" for now which will hopefully one day be direct calls to lld.

Notable features of this target include:

* There is zero runtime footprint. The target assumes nothing exists other than the wasm32 instruction set.
* There is zero toolchain footprint beyond adding the target. No custom linker is needed, rustc contains everything.
* Very small wasm modules can be generated directly from Rust code using this target.
* Most of the standard library is stubbed out to return an error, but anything related to allocation works (aka `HashMap`, `Vec`, etc).
* Naturally, any `#[no_std]` crate should be 100% compatible with this new target.

This target is currently somewhat janky due to how linking works. The "linking" is currently unconditional whole program LTO (aka LLVM is being used as a linker). Naturally that means compiling programs is pretty slow! Eventually though this target should have a linker.

This target is also intended to be quite experimental. I'm hoping that this can act as a catalyst for further experimentation in Rust with WebAssembly. Breaking changes are very likely to land to this target, so it's not recommended to rely on it in any critical capacity yet. We'll let you know when it's "production ready".

### Building yourself

First you'll need to configure the build of LLVM and enable this target

```
$ ./configure --target=wasm32-unknown-unknown --set llvm.experimental-targets=WebAssembly
```

Next you'll want to remove any previously compiled LLVM as it needs to be rebuilt with WebAssembly support. You can do that with:

```
$ rm -rf build
```

And then you're good to go! A `./x.py build` should give you a rustc with the appropriate libstd target.

### Test support

Currently testing-wise this target is looking pretty good but isn't complete. I've got almost the entire `run-pass` test suite working with this target (lots of tests ignored, but many passing as well). The `core` test suite is [still getting LLVM bugs fixed](https://reviews.llvm.org/D39866) to get that working and will take some time. Relatively simple programs all seem to work though!

In general I've only tested this with a local fork that makes use of LLVM 5 rather than our current LLVM 4 on master. The LLVM 4 WebAssembly backend AFAIK isn't broken per se but is likely missing bug fixes available on LLVM 5. I'm hoping though that we can decouple the LLVM 5 upgrade and adding this wasm target!

### But the modules generated are huge!

It's worth nothing that you may not immediately see the "smallest possible wasm module" for the input you feed to rustc. For various reasons it's very difficult to get rid of the final "bloat" in vanilla rustc (again, a real linker should fix all this). For now what you'll have to do is:

    cargo install --git https://github.com/alexcrichton/wasm-gc
    wasm-gc foo.wasm bar.wasm

And then `bar.wasm` should be the smallest we can get it!

---

In any case for now I'd love feedback on this, particularly on the various integration points if you've got better ideas of how to approach them!
Previously the code was somewhat duplicated.
This has been bugging me. All the regions appear free in the source;
the real difference is that some of them are universally quantified
(those in the function signature) and some are existentially
quantified (those for which we are inferring values).
I am not happy with this, but not sure how else to get access to those
details right now.
The overall format is now easier to read. Also, There is now graphviz
output, as well as a `#[rustc_regions]` annotation that dumps internal
state.
@spastorino spastorino mentioned this pull request Nov 28, 2017
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Closing this one in favor of #19

@spastorino spastorino closed this Nov 28, 2017
nikomatsakis pushed a commit that referenced this pull request Sep 12, 2019
change RUST_TEST_DYLINK to RUST_VXWORKS_TEST_DYLINK
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