Performance Test of of CRUD/REST API with SQLite or Postgres (Using Node.js / Go / Elixir / Ruby)

The initial motivation for these performance tests was to figure out if you can get sufficient performance with SQLite running in a single process on a single server. The use case I had in mind was a CMS backend (or similar type of app) exposing a classic CRUD/REST API.

Findings

SQLite: on my M1 Macbook laptop Node.js SQLite can do around 10k read and write queries per second with a p99 response time of around 20 ms and request concurrency level of 100. This should be more than sufficient for most applications.

Postgres: When running locally I was able to get very good numbers for Postgres (and they were strikingly similar to those for SQLite). However, when running Postgres in the cloud (AWS/GCP/Supabase etc.) response times can slow down significantly depending on your database configuration and latency.

Performance Test Results Summary

The test runner is written in JavaScript and issues HTTP requests against a web server (by default the server is running on localhost on port 8888 but it could also be running the cloud, see more below). The script will execute a certain number of tests in parallel (i.e. 100) and each test executes the following sequence of HTTP requests:

POST /content
GET /content/:id
PUT /content/:id
GET /content/:id
DELETE /content/:id
GET /content/:id

The content being created is stored in a content database table and looks roughly like this:

{
    title:  `Smoke Test Content ${runId}`,
    body:   `This is smoke test content number ${runId}`,
    author: "Smoke Tester",
    status: "draft",
    data: {
        "run_id": runId,
        "created_at": createdAt,
    },
}

The numbers below should be considered rough estimations (ballpark figures) and no particular optimization has been made in each runtime to improve performance or scalability. The code between each platform can differ slightly (in how it validates payloads etc.):

Runtime	Database	Number of Tests	Test Concurrency	Number of Requests	Total Time (ms)	Requests Per Second	Response Time Avg (ms)	Response Time P99 (ms)	Read Response Time Avg (ms)	Read Response Time P99 (ms)
Node.js	SQLite	500	1	3000	950	3200	0.3	1	0.3	1
Node.js	SQLite	10000	10	60000	5300	11000	0.8	2	0.7	2
Node.js	SQLite	10000	100	60000	5000	12000	7	17	6	16
Node.js	SQLite	10000	1000	60000	6100	9900	57	464	20	152
Node.js	Memory	500	1	3000	825	3600	0.3	1	0.2	1
Node.js	Memory	10000	100	60000	4375	14000	6	15	6	15
Node.js	Postgres	500	1	3000	1900	1600	0.6	2	0.5	1
Node.js	Postgres	10000	100	60000	5100	12000	7	17	7	16
Node.js	Postgres	10000	1000	60000	5500	11000	67	431	36	117
Go	SQLite	10000	100	60000	36000	1700	12	158	1	10
Go	Postgres	10000	100	60000	5100	11800	7	18	6	15
Elixir/Phoenix	SQLite	10000	100	60000	29000	2100	42	104	48	112
Elixir/Phoenix	Postgres	10000	100	60000	29900	2004	43	107	51	118
Ruby on Rails	SQLite	400	80	2400	30000	79	500	5700	4	13

Here are some server response time stats (i.e. response time minus network latency) for different hosting providers:

Runtime	Database	Hosting Provider	Location/Region	Number of Tests	Test Concurrency	Number of Requests	Server Response Time Avg (ms)	Server Response Time P99 (ms)	Total Response Time Avg (ms)	Total Response Time P99 (ms)
Node.js	Postgres	Fly.io with 1024 MB postgres machine	ARN/Stockholm	10000	100	60000	8	32	34	98
Node.js	Postgres	Hetzner ubuntu-4gb-hel1-1 2 vcpu cloud server	Finland	10000	100	60000	14	30	34	69
Node.js	Postgres	AWS Kubernetes with 2 App Servers (pg pool size 10 or 50) talking to Aurora DB	eu-north-1	10000	100	60000	19	107	128	374
Haskell/PostgREST	Postgres	Supabase	eu-north-1	10000	100	60000	47	162	85	212
Node.js	Postgres	GCP Kubernetes with 3 App Servers (pg pool size 30) talking to Cloud SQL DB with 4 VCPU and 16 GB Memory	europe-west1	1000	100	6000	469	2690	1650	6496

Performance Test Results: Node.js REST API with SQLite

Repo: https://github.com/peter/content-api-performance-test
Start server command: npm run dev

TEST_PARALLEL=1 TEST_LIMIT=500 ./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-23T06:23:29.885Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":500,"TEST_PARALLEL":1,"N_BATCHES":500,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":500,"total":500},"testElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":12,"avg":0.4,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":1},"readElapsed":{"count":1500,"min":0,"max":2,"avg":0.25266666666666665,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":1},"updateElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":3,"avg":0.394,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":1},"deleteElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":2,"avg":0.31,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":1},"requestElapsed":{"count":3000,"min":0,"max":12,"avg":0.31033333333333335,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":1},"requests":{"totalCount":3000,"countPerSecond":3151.2605042016808},"elapsedTotal":952}

TEST_PARALLEL=10 ./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-25T17:50:34.750Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":10,"N_BATCHES":1000,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":27,"avg":1.2225,"p90":2,"p95":2,"p99":3},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":0,"max":5,"avg":0.6598333333333334,"p90":1,"p95":2,"p99":2},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":5,"avg":0.8007,"p90":1,"p95":2,"p99":2},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":5,"avg":0.5473,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":2},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":0,"max":27,"avg":0.7583333333333333,"p90":1,"p95":2,"p99":2},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":11355.034065102196},"elapsedTotal":5284}
# {"timestamp":"2025-08-03T06:41:26.686Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":100,"N_BATCHES":100,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":5,"max":89,"avg":10.286,"p90":14,"p95":16,"p99":40},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":0,"max":25,"avg":6.0425,"p90":10,"p95":11,"p99":16},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":3,"max":25,"avg":8.5434,"p90":11,"p95":12,"p99":15},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":20,"avg":4.832,"p90":7,"p95":8,"p99":10},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":0,"max":89,"avg":6.964816666666667,"p90":11,"p95":13,"p99":16},"serverElapsed":{"count":0,"avg":null},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":12019.23076923077},"elapsedTotal":4992}

TEST_PARALLEL=100 ./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-23T06:21:42.687Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":100,"N_BATCHES":100,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":3,"max":102,"avg":9.3115,"p90":14,"p95":15,"p99":29},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":0,"max":31,"avg":6.399533333333333,"p90":11,"p95":12,"p99":16},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":1,"max":26,"avg":9.0198,"p90":12,"p95":14,"p99":18},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":18,"avg":5.1821,"p90":8,"p95":9,"p99":11},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":0,"max":102,"avg":7.118666666666667,"p90":12,"p95":13,"p99":17},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":11961.722488038278},"elapsedTotal":5016}

TEST_PARALLEL=500 ./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-23T06:21:57.712Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":500,"N_BATCHES":20,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":24,"max":259,"avg":106.043,"p90":207,"p95":221,"p99":236},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":0,"max":121,"avg":13.410566666666666,"p90":30,"p95":41,"p99":77},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":116,"avg":15.2661,"p90":30,"p95":38,"p99":60},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":59,"avg":10.3394,"p90":20,"p95":33,"p99":49},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":0,"max":259,"avg":28.6467,"p90":56,"p95":155,"p99":218},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":11398.176291793312},"elapsedTotal":5264}

TEST_PARALLEL=1000 ./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-23T06:22:10.599Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":1000,"N_BATCHES":10,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":58,"max":740,"avg":241.3515,"p90":446,"p95":470,"p99":502},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":0,"max":193,"avg":20.398033333333334,"p90":55,"p95":71,"p99":152},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":162,"avg":25.3618,"p90":58,"p95":113,"p99":158},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":81,"avg":16.5591,"p90":40,"p95":67,"p99":77},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":0,"max":740,"avg":57.41108333333333,"p90":167,"p95":326,"p99":464},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":9894.459102902374},"elapsedTotal":6064}

Performance Test Results: Node.js REST API with Memory Store

Repo: https://github.com/peter/content-api-performance-test
Start server command: DATABASE_ENGINE=memory npm run dev

TEST_PARALLEL=1 TEST_LIMIT=500 ./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-25T17:44:31.190Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":500,"TEST_PARALLEL":1,"N_BATCHES":500,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":500,"total":500},"testElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":13,"avg":0.378,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":1},"readElapsed":{"count":1500,"min":0,"max":2,"avg":0.24933333333333332,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":1},"updateElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":2,"avg":0.278,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":1},"deleteElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":1,"avg":0.184,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":1},"requestElapsed":{"count":3000,"min":0,"max":13,"avg":0.26466666666666666,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":1},"requests":{"totalCount":3000,"countPerSecond":3636.3636363636365},"elapsedTotal":825}

TEST_PARALLEL=100 ./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-25T17:44:47.227Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":100,"N_BATCHES":100,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":3,"max":89,"avg":7.3695,"p90":10,"p95":11,"p99":29},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":0,"max":31,"avg":6.172066666666667,"p90":11,"p95":12,"p99":15},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":1,"max":25,"avg":6.6081,"p90":9,"p95":12,"p99":15},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":17,"avg":5.8797,"p90":8,"p95":9,"p99":11},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":0,"max":89,"avg":6.395583333333334,"p90":10,"p95":12,"p99":15},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":13770.943309616709},"elapsedTotal":4357}

Performance Test Results: Node.js REST API with Postgres

Repo: https://github.com/peter/content-api-performance-test
Start server command: DATABASE_ENGINE=postgres npm run dev

TEST_PARALLEL=1 TEST_LIMIT=500 ./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-21T05:45:42.119Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":500,"TEST_PARALLEL":1,"N_BATCHES":500,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":500,"total":500},"testElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":13,"avg":0.734,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":2},"readElapsed":{"count":1500,"min":0,"max":14,"avg":0.488,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":1},"updateElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":6,"avg":0.94,"p90":1,"p95":2,"p99":2},"deleteElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":4,"avg":0.572,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":1},"requestElapsed":{"count":3000,"min":0,"max":14,"avg":0.6183333333333333,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":2},"requests":{"totalCount":3000,"countPerSecond":1594.896331738437},"elapsedTotal":1881}
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-21T05:46:05.740Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":500,"TEST_PARALLEL":1,"N_BATCHES":500,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":500,"total":500},"testElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":18,"avg":0.962,"p90":1,"p95":2,"p99":4},"readElapsed":{"count":1500,"min":0,"max":24,"avg":0.6393333333333333,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":3},"updateElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":8,"avg":1.226,"p90":2,"p95":2,"p99":5},"deleteElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":13,"avg":0.774,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":5},"requestElapsed":{"count":3000,"min":0,"max":24,"avg":0.8133333333333334,"p90":1,"p95":2,"p99":4},"requests":{"totalCount":3000,"countPerSecond":1212.121212121212},"elapsedTotal":2475}
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-21T05:46:18.882Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":500,"TEST_PARALLEL":1,"N_BATCHES":500,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":500,"total":500},"testElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":12,"avg":0.68,"p90":1,"p95":2,"p99":3},"readElapsed":{"count":1500,"min":0,"max":6,"avg":0.422,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":2},"updateElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":4,"avg":0.736,"p90":1,"p95":2,"p99":3},"deleteElapsed":{"count":500,"min":0,"max":7,"avg":0.496,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":2},"requestElapsed":{"count":3000,"min":0,"max":12,"avg":0.5296666666666666,"p90":1,"p95":1,"p99":2},"requests":{"totalCount":3000,"countPerSecond":1852.9956763434218},"elapsedTotal":1619}

TEST_PARALLEL=100 ./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-20T15:53:58.416Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":100,"N_BATCHES":100,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":4,"max":96,"avg":10.7499,"p90":13,"p95":14,"p99":27},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":0,"max":31,"avg":6.535666666666667,"p90":10,"p95":11,"p99":16},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":1,"max":30,"avg":8.8136,"p90":11,"p95":13,"p99":18},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":22,"avg":6.7857,"p90":10,"p95":11,"p99":15},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":0,"max":96,"avg":7.659366666666667,"p90":11,"p95":13,"p99":17},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":11773.940345368917},"elapsedTotal":5096}
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-20T15:54:33.127Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":100,"N_BATCHES":100,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":4,"max":46,"avg":10.4986,"p90":13,"p95":14,"p99":31},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":0,"max":36,"avg":6.510366666666667,"p90":10,"p95":11,"p99":15},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":3,"max":34,"avg":8.7311,"p90":11,"p95":13,"p99":20},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":24,"avg":6.8687,"p90":10,"p95":11,"p99":15},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":0,"max":46,"avg":7.604916666666667,"p90":11,"p95":12,"p99":17},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":11871.784724970319},"elapsedTotal":5054}
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-20T15:54:44.747Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":100,"N_BATCHES":100,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":4,"max":48,"avg":10.5313,"p90":13,"p95":14,"p99":27},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":0,"max":35,"avg":6.446733333333333,"p90":10,"p95":11,"p99":16},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":2,"max":57,"avg":8.7778,"p90":11,"p95":13,"p99":19},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":23,"avg":6.8236,"p90":10,"p95":11,"p99":13},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":0,"max":57,"avg":7.5788166666666665,"p90":11,"p95":12,"p99":17},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":11811.023622047243},"elapsedTotal":5080}
# {"timestamp":"2025-08-03T06:39:41.942Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":100,"N_BATCHES":100,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":6,"max":171,"avg":12.9779,"p90":14,"p95":16,"p99":36},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":0,"max":107,"avg":6.6536,"p90":11,"p95":12,"p99":16},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":3,"max":84,"avg":9.1289,"p90":12,"p95":13,"p99":22},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":1,"max":19,"avg":6.1464,"p90":10,"p95":11,"p99":13},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":0,"max":171,"avg":8.035666666666666,"p90":12,"p95":13,"p99":18},"serverElapsed":{"count":0,"avg":null},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":10901.162790697676},"elapsedTotal":5504}

TEST_PARALLEL=500 ./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-20T15:54:55.723Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":500,"N_BATCHES":20,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":24,"max":219,"avg":97.961,"p90":176,"p95":189,"p99":205},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":0,"max":118,"avg":21.0743,"p90":38,"p95":46,"p99":60},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":2,"max":119,"avg":23.6692,"p90":39,"p95":53,"p99":67},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":51,"avg":18.1051,"p90":30,"p95":34,"p99":49},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":0,"max":219,"avg":33.826366666666665,"p90":59,"p95":143,"p99":186},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":11204.481792717086},"elapsedTotal":5355}

TEST_PARALLEL=1000 ./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-20T15:55:14.228Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":1000,"N_BATCHES":10,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":52,"max":510,"avg":206.7932,"p90":400,"p95":446,"p99":488},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":0,"max":200,"avg":35.62263333333333,"p90":63,"p95":77,"p99":117},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":184,"avg":52.3958,"p90":99,"p95":117,"p99":127},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":92,"avg":32.9476,"p90":58,"p95":84,"p99":87},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":0,"max":510,"avg":66.50075,"p90":156,"p95":210,"p99":431},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":10873.504893077203},"elapsedTotal":5518}

Performance Test Results: Go REST API with SQLite

NOTE: response times for Go/SQLite are surprisingly slow compared to Go/Postgres and compared to Node.js/SQLite so maybe something is not properly configured?

./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-21T05:41:33.520Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":100,"N_BATCHES":100,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":2,"max":1098,"avg":57.7475,"p90":123,"p95":161,"p99":474},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":0,"max":59,"avg":1.1487,"p90":3,"p95":5,"p99":10},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":989,"avg":10.937,"p90":26,"p95":59,"p99":125},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":266,"avg":2.782,"p90":4,"p95":10,"p99":40},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":0,"max":1098,"avg":12.485433333333333,"p90":34,"p95":66,"p99":158},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":1662.8789978382572},"elapsedTotal":36082}

Performance Test Results: Go REST API with Postgres

./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-21T05:37:01.532Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":100,"N_BATCHES":100,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":2,"max":162,"avg":10.5691,"p90":16,"p95":18,"p99":25},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":0,"max":117,"avg":6.455666666666667,"p90":9,"p95":11,"p99":15},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":1,"max":83,"avg":8.2816,"p90":11,"p95":13,"p99":17},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":19,"avg":6.3088,"p90":8,"p95":9,"p99":12},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":0,"max":162,"avg":7.421083333333334,"p90":11,"p95":14,"p99":18},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":11848.341232227487},"elapsedTotal":5064}
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-21T05:39:01.113Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":100,"N_BATCHES":100,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":2,"max":50,"avg":9.5874,"p90":15,"p95":17,"p99":26},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":0,"max":37,"avg":5.8463666666666665,"p90":8,"p95":10,"p99":14},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":1,"max":26,"avg":7.6027,"p90":10,"p95":13,"p99":16},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":16,"avg":5.7658,"p90":8,"p95":8,"p99":11},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":0,"max":50,"avg":6.7491666666666665,"p90":10,"p95":13,"p99":18},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":13020.833333333334},"elapsedTotal":4608}

TEST_PARALLEL=500 ./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-21T05:39:48.593Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":500,"N_BATCHES":20,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":23,"max":176,"avg":83.9441,"p90":145,"p95":153,"p99":169},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":0,"max":91,"avg":25.7337,"p90":37,"p95":42,"p99":64},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":12,"max":124,"avg":28.8022,"p90":37,"p95":56,"p99":66},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":59,"avg":25.7211,"p90":40,"p95":45,"p99":57},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":0,"max":176,"avg":35.94475,"p90":62,"p95":117,"p99":152},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":11322.891111530476},"elapsedTotal":5299}

TEST_PARALLEL=1000 ./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-21T05:40:29.742Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":1000,"N_BATCHES":10,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":52,"max":339,"avg":170.1865,"p90":274,"p95":285,"p99":330},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":1,"max":236,"avg":48.630066666666664,"p90":70,"p95":92,"p99":107},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":25,"max":120,"avg":55.7312,"p90":81,"p95":108,"p99":116},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":5,"max":85,"avg":48.7948,"p90":71,"p95":83,"p99":84},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":1,"max":339,"avg":70.10045,"p90":162,"p95":187,"p99":276},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":11547.344110854505},"elapsedTotal":5196}

Performance Test Results: Ruby on Rails REST API with SQLite

Repo: https://github.com/peter/content-api-ruby
Start server command: RAILS_ENV=production bin/rails server -p 8888

TEST_PARALLEL=10 TEST_LIMIT=100 TEST_DATA_FIELD=false ./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-22T15:41:57.406Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":100,"TEST_PARALLEL":10,"N_BATCHES":10,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":100,"total":100},"testElapsed":{"count":100,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":100,"min":2,"max":755,"avg":255.42,"p90":499,"p95":696,"p99":755},"readElapsed":{"count":300,"min":1,"max":19,"avg":4.913333333333333,"p90":10,"p95":14,"p99":18},"updateElapsed":{"count":100,"min":1,"max":16,"avg":4.26,"p90":8,"p95":12,"p99":16},"deleteElapsed":{"count":100,"min":1,"max":725,"avg":37.38,"p90":6,"p95":679,"p99":725},"requestElapsed":{"count":600,"min":1,"max":755,"avg":51.96666666666667,"p90":239,"p95":477,"p99":700},"requests":{"totalCount":600,"countPerSecond":82.11304228821677},"elapsedTotal":7307}


TEST_PARALLEL=20 TEST_LIMIT=200 TEST_DATA_FIELD=false ./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-22T15:43:10.976Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":200,"TEST_PARALLEL":20,"N_BATCHES":10,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":200,"total":200},"testElapsed":{"count":200,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":200,"min":2,"max":1486,"avg":604.035,"p90":1187,"p95":1367,"p99":1478},"readElapsed":{"count":600,"min":0,"max":35,"avg":4.336666666666667,"p90":7,"p95":12,"p99":22},"updateElapsed":{"count":200,"min":1,"max":16,"avg":3.305,"p90":5,"p95":7,"p99":13},"deleteElapsed":{"count":200,"min":1,"max":1481,"avg":73.295,"p90":4,"p95":1362,"p99":1478},"requestElapsed":{"count":1200,"min":0,"max":1486,"avg":115.6075,"p90":482,"p95":957,"p99":1394},"requests":{"totalCount":1200,"countPerSecond":83.71703641691084},"elapsedTotal":14334}

TEST_PARALLEL=80 TEST_LIMIT=400 TEST_DATA_FIELD=false ./scripts/performance-test/run.js
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-22T15:43:58.954Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":400,"TEST_PARALLEL":80,"N_BATCHES":5,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":400,"total":400},"testElapsed":{"count":400,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":400,"min":8,"max":6099,"avg":2921.58,"p90":5394,"p95":5706,"p99":6029},"readElapsed":{"count":1200,"min":1,"max":22,"avg":4.161666666666667,"p90":6,"p95":7,"p99":13},"updateElapsed":{"count":400,"min":1,"max":10,"avg":3.1525,"p90":5,"p95":6,"p99":9},"deleteElapsed":{"count":400,"min":1,"max":6070,"avg":62.3675,"p90":3,"p95":4,"p99":5962},"requestElapsed":{"count":2400,"min":1,"max":6099,"avg":499.93083333333334,"p90":2357,"p95":4206,"p99":5706},"requests":{"totalCount":2400,"countPerSecond":79.43074631805395},"elapsedTotal":30215}

Performance Test Result: Elixir/Phoenix with SQLite

Repo: https://github.com/peter/content-api-elixir
Start server command: mix phx.server

TEST_PARALLEL=100 TEST_DATA_FIELD=false ./scripts/performance-test/run.js 
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-22T14:27:34.137Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":100,"N_BATCHES":100,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":13,"max":131,"avg":39.697,"p90":57,"p95":66,"p99":103},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":9,"max":138,"avg":48.007533333333335,"p90":87,"p95":94,"p99":112},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":12,"max":88,"avg":33.6144,"p90":43,"p95":48,"p99":60},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":12,"max":82,"avg":34.3503,"p90":44,"p95":50,"p99":63},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":9,"max":138,"avg":41.947383333333335,"p90":77,"p95":88,"p99":104},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":2070.8935905843373},"elapsedTotal":28973}
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-22T14:28:17.237Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":100,"N_BATCHES":100,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":14,"max":88,"avg":38.7593,"p90":55,"p95":61,"p99":71},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":13,"max":131,"avg":48.6483,"p90":90,"p95":96,"p99":109},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":15,"max":77,"avg":33.6887,"p90":43,"p95":48,"p99":57},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":13,"max":80,"avg":33.3294,"p90":42,"p95":46,"p99":56},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":13,"max":131,"avg":41.953716666666665,"p90":77,"p95":90,"p99":103},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":2081.6708878326335},"elapsedTotal":28823}

Performance Test Result: Elixir/Phoenix with Postgres

Repo: https://github.com/peter/content-api-elixir
Start server command: DATABASE_ENGINE=postgres mix phx.server

TEST_PARALLEL=100 TEST_DATA_FIELD=false ./scripts/performance-test/run.js 
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-22T17:11:09.893Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":100,"N_BATCHES":100,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":13,"max":112,"avg":39.0961,"p90":54,"p95":62,"p99":78},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":7,"max":182,"avg":51.065,"p90":92,"p95":98,"p99":118},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":14,"max":96,"avg":34.2748,"p90":43,"p95":49,"p99":68},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":13,"max":117,"avg":34.4257,"p90":44,"p95":49,"p99":66},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":7,"max":182,"avg":43.4986,"p90":82,"p95":92,"p99":107},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":2004.4097013429543},"elapsedTotal":29934}
# {"timestamp":"2025-07-22T17:20:28.985Z","level":"INFO","message":"Finished performance test","TEST_LIMIT":10000,"TEST_PARALLEL":100,"N_BATCHES":100,"testCount":{"error":0,"success":10000,"total":10000},"testElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":0,"max":0,"avg":0,"p90":0,"p95":0,"p99":0},"createElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":14,"max":102,"avg":44.2636,"p90":56,"p95":62,"p99":86},"readElapsed":{"count":30000,"min":14,"max":180,"avg":56.072433333333336,"p90":100,"p95":109,"p99":142},"updateElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":15,"max":87,"avg":38.2731,"p90":48,"p95":54,"p99":68},"deleteElapsed":{"count":10000,"min":23,"max":118,"avg":38.3921,"p90":47,"p95":56,"p99":85},"requestElapsed":{"count":60000,"min":14,"max":180,"avg":48.19101666666667,"p90":89,"p95":101,"p99":126},"requests":{"totalCount":60000,"countPerSecond":1858.620903289759},"elapsedTotal":32282}

Developer Setup - Go Server

# Check go installation
go version
# go version go1.24.4 darwin/arm64

# Install dependencies
go get

# Install migrate CLI and run migrations
go install -tags 'sqlite3' github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/cmd/migrate@latest
go install -tags 'postgres' github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/cmd/migrate@latest
scripts/migrate

# Start server
scripts/run

# Run smoke test
scripts/smoke-test.sh

# Load SQLite test data
go run scripts/sqlite/generate_test_data/main.go

Pretty printing JSON logs:

./scripts/run | tee log.json

# In other terminal
tail -f log.json | jq

Command to stop any server started somewhere else (not needed initially)

scripts/stop

Developer Setup - Node.js Server

nvm use # Node 24

npm install

npm run dev

Invoking the API with Curl

scripts/smoke-test.sh

Generate Test Data

rm -f db/sqlite/content-api.db
./scripts/migrate

# Without WAL mode:
go run scripts/sqlite/generate_test_data/main.go 
# Successfully created 100000 test records in 46.16 seconds
# Average rate: 2166.5 records/second
du -sh db/sqlite/content-api.db 
# 61M	db/sqlite/content-api.db

# Without WAL mode:
go run scripts/sqlite/generate_test_data/main.go 
# Successfully created 100000 test records in 8.57 seconds
# Average rate: 11664.8 records/second

Running the Server with Postgres

# Assuming you have postgres running locally with Postgres.app etc.
createdb content_api

# Running the migration
migrate -database "postgres://postgres:postgres@localhost:5432/content_api?sslmode=disable" -path db/postgres/migrations up

# Start server and make it talk to postgres
DATABASE_ENGINE=postgres ./scripts/run

# Test
./scripts/smoke-test.sh

API Docs and OpenAPI Specification

# API Docs
open http://localhost:8888/docs

# OpenAPI Specification
curl -s http://localhost:8888/openapi.yaml | yq

SQLite Database Migrations

Using the golang-migrate package:

# Install golang-migrate with SQLite support
go install -tags 'sqlite3' github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/cmd/migrate@latest

# Creating a migration
migrate create -ext sql -dir db/sqlite/migrations -seq create_content_table
# db/sqlite/migrations/000001_create_content_table.up.sql
# db/sqlite/migrations/000001_create_content_table.down.sql

# Running a migration
migrate -database "sqlite3://db/sqlite/content-api.db" -path db/sqlite/migrations up

Postgres Database Migrations

Using the golang-migrate package:

# Creating a migration
migrate create -ext sql -dir db/postgres/migrations -seq create_content_table

# Assuming you have postgres running locally with Postgres.app etc.
createdb content_api

# Running the migration
migrate -database "postgres://postgres:postgres@localhost:5432/content_api?sslmode=disable" -path db/postgres/migrations up

SQLite Console

sqlite3 db/sqlite/content-api.db 
.schema
select count(*) from content;
select * from content order by created_at desc limit 100;

How the Ruby on Rails API Was Created

# Install Ruby and Ruby on Rails
# https://guides.rubyonrails.org/install_ruby_on_rails.html#install-ruby-on-macos
mise use -g ruby@3
ruby --version
# ruby 3.4.5 (2025-07-16 revision 20cda200d3) +PRISM [arm64-darwin24]
gem install rails
# Successfully installed rails-8.0.2
# https://guides.rubyonrails.org/getting_started.html
# In new terminal:
rails --version
gem update

# Create Rails API
rails new --api content-api-ruby
cd content-api-ruby
bin/rails server
bin/rails g scaffold content id:text title:text body:text author:text status:text data:text --api
#  invoke  active_record
#       remove    db/migrate/20250720202444_create_contents.rb
#       create    db/migrate/20250720205608_create_contents.rb
#    identical    app/models/content.rb
#       invoke    test_unit
#    identical      test/models/content_test.rb
#    identical      test/fixtures/contents.yml
#       invoke  resource_route
#        route    resources :contents
#       invoke  scaffold_controller
#        force    app/controllers/contents_controller.rb
#       invoke    resource_route
#       invoke    test_unit
#        force      test/controllers/contents_controller_test.rb

bin/rails db:migrate
bin/rails server -p 8888

# EDITS:
# edit migration to have same SQL as the Go/Node.js app but with table name contents
# edit routes.rb to have: resources :contents, path: 'content'
# edit contents_controller.rb content_params to return:
#   {
#     title: params[:title],
#     body: params[:body],
#     author: params[:author],
#     status: params[:status],
#     data: params[:data]
#   }

How the Elixir App Was Created

mix phx.new content-api-elixir --app content_api --database sqlite3 --no-html --no-assets
cd content-api-elixir
# mix deps.get
mix ecto.create
# EDIT: Change port in config/dev.exs to 8888
mix phx.server

mix phx.gen.context Api Content content id:text title:text body:text author:text status:text data:text
# * creating lib/content_api/api/content.ex
# * creating priv/repo/migrations/20250722061051_create_content.exs
# * creating lib/content_api/api.ex
# * injecting lib/content_api/api.ex
# * creating test/content_api/api_test.exs
# * injecting test/content_api/api_test.exs
# * creating test/support/fixtures/api_fixtures.ex
# * injecting test/support/fixtures/api_fixtures.ex
# EDIT: add custom SQL to migration file
# EDIT: add @primary_key {:id, :string, []} to model
mix ecto.migrate
mix phx.gen.json Api Content content title:text body:text author:text status:text data:text --no-context --no-schema
# * creating lib/content_api_web/controllers/content_controller.ex
# * creating lib/content_api_web/controllers/content_json.ex
# * creating lib/content_api_web/controllers/changeset_json.ex
# * creating test/content_api_web/controllers/content_controller_test.exs
# * creating lib/content_api_web/controllers/fallback_controller.ex
# EDIT: Add the resource to the "/api" scope in lib/content_api_web/router.ex:
# resources "/content", ContentController, except: [:new, :edit]
# EDIT: removed content nested JSON property in responses
# EDIT: added ULID id generation

iex -S mix 
ContentApi.Repo.all(ContentApi.Api.Content)

mix ecto.reset

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 36 Commits
config		config
db		db
handlers		handlers
middleware		middleware
models		models
scripts		scripts
.gitignore		.gitignore
.nvmrc		.nvmrc
README.md		README.md
go.mod		go.mod
go.sum		go.sum
index.js		index.js
main.go		main.go
package-lock.json		package-lock.json
package.json		package.json

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Performance Test of of CRUD/REST API with SQLite or Postgres (Using Node.js / Go / Elixir / Ruby)

Findings

Performance Test Results Summary

Performance Test Results: Node.js REST API with SQLite

Performance Test Results: Node.js REST API with Memory Store

Performance Test Results: Node.js REST API with Postgres

Performance Test Results: Go REST API with SQLite

Performance Test Results: Go REST API with Postgres

Performance Test Results: Ruby on Rails REST API with SQLite

Performance Test Result: Elixir/Phoenix with SQLite

Performance Test Result: Elixir/Phoenix with Postgres

Developer Setup - Go Server

Developer Setup - Node.js Server

Invoking the API with Curl

Generate Test Data

Running the Server with Postgres

API Docs and OpenAPI Specification

SQLite Database Migrations

Postgres Database Migrations

SQLite Console

How the Ruby on Rails API Was Created

How the Elixir App Was Created

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Performance Test of of CRUD/REST API with SQLite or Postgres (Using Node.js / Go / Elixir / Ruby)

Findings

Performance Test Results Summary

Performance Test Results: Node.js REST API with SQLite

Performance Test Results: Node.js REST API with Memory Store

Performance Test Results: Node.js REST API with Postgres

Performance Test Results: Go REST API with SQLite

Performance Test Results: Go REST API with Postgres

Performance Test Results: Ruby on Rails REST API with SQLite

Performance Test Result: Elixir/Phoenix with SQLite

Performance Test Result: Elixir/Phoenix with Postgres

Developer Setup - Go Server

Developer Setup - Node.js Server

Invoking the API with Curl

Generate Test Data

Running the Server with Postgres

API Docs and OpenAPI Specification

SQLite Database Migrations

Postgres Database Migrations

SQLite Console

How the Ruby on Rails API Was Created

How the Elixir App Was Created

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