Fix ICE introduced in #12004

[PartiallyUntyped]

Issue: in #12004, we emit a lint for filter(Option::is_some). If the
parent expression is a .map we don't emit that lint as there exists a
more specialized lint for that.

The ICE introduced in #12004 is a consequence of the assumption that a
parent expression after a filter would be a method call with the filter
call being the receiver. However, it is entirely possible to have a
closure of the form

|| { vec![Some(1), None].into_iter().filter(Option::is_some) }

The previous implementation looked at the parent expression; namely the
closure, and tried to check the parameters by indexing [0] on an empty
list.

This commit is an overhaul of the lint with significantly more FP tests
and checks.

Impl details:

1. We verify that the filter method we are in is a proper trait method
   to avoid FPs.
2. We check that the parent expression is not a map by checking whether
   it exists; if is a trait method; and then a method call.
3. We check that we don't have comments in the span.
4. We verify that we are in an Iterator of Option and Result.
5. We check the contents of the filter.
   1. For closures we peel it. If it is not a single expression, we don't
      lint.
   2. For paths, we do a typecheck to avoid FPs for types that impl
      functions with the same names.
   3. For calls, we verify the type, via the path, and that the param of
      the closure is the single argument to the call.
   4. For method calls we verify that the receiver is the parameter of
      the closure. Since we handle single, non-block exprs, the
      parameter can't be shadowed, so no FP.

This commit also adds additional FP tests.

Adding @xFrednet as you've the most context for this as you reviewed it last time.
@rustbot r? @xFrednet

Fixes: #12058

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