Improve tree balancing

src/encoding.rs

@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ mod tests {
             // Convert the RecordBatch to a string for comparison
             let batch_string = record_batch_to_string(&batch);
             assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 2);
-            println!("{}", batch_string);
+            println!("{batch_string}");
             // Define the expected output
             let expected_output = r#"id: 1, 2
 uuid: guid-key1, guid-key2
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ name: name1, name2
             // Convert the RecordBatch to a string for comparison
             let batch_string = record_batch_to_string(&batch);
             assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 2);
-            println!("{}", batch_string);
+            println!("{batch_string}");
             // Define the expected output
             let expected_output = r#"id: 1, 2
 uuid: guid-key1, guid-key2

src/lib.rs

@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ limitations under the License.
 //! ## Features
 //!
 //! - **Verifiability**: The cryptographic hashing in Prolly Trees ensures data integrity and allows for
-//! verifiable proofs of inclusion/exclusion.
+//!   verifiable proofs of inclusion/exclusion.
 //! - **Performance**: The balanced tree structure provides efficient data access patterns similar to
-//! B-trees, ensuring high performance for both random and sequential access.
+//!   B-trees, ensuring high performance for both random and sequential access.
 //! - **Scalability**: Prolly Trees are suitable for large-scale applications, providing efficient index maintenance
-//! and data distribution capabilities.
+//!   and data distribution capabilities.
 //! - **Flexibility**: The probabilistic balancing allows for handling various mutation patterns without degrading
-//! performance or structure.
+//!   performance or structure.
 //!
 //! ## Usage
 //!

src/main.rs

@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ fn main() {
             "Proof for key \x1b[32m{:?}\x1b[0m in increasing order is valid: {}",
             keys[i], is_valid
         );
-        println!("Proof: {:#?}", proof); // Assuming Debug trait is implemented
-                                         // Sleep for 2 seconds
+        println!("Proof: {proof:#?}"); // Assuming Debug trait is implemented
+                                       // Sleep for 2 seconds
         sleep(Duration::from_millis(200));
     }
 
@@ -119,8 +119,8 @@ fn main() {
             "Proof for key \x1b[32m{:?}\x1b[0m in reverse order is valid: {}",
             keys[i], is_valid
         );
-        println!("Proof: {:#?}", proof); // Assuming Debug trait is implemented
-                                         // Sleep for 2 seconds
+        println!("Proof: {proof:#?}"); // Assuming Debug trait is implemented
+                                       // Sleep for 2 seconds
         sleep(Duration::from_millis(200));
     }
 }

src/node.rs

@@ -261,56 +261,29 @@ impl<const N: usize> ProllyNodeBuilder<N> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<const N: usize> ProllyNode<N> {
-    pub fn init_root(key: Vec<u8>, value: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
-        ProllyNode {
-            keys: vec![key],
-            values: vec![value],
-            is_leaf: true,
-            level: INIT_LEVEL,
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn builder() -> ProllyNodeBuilder<N> {
-        ProllyNodeBuilder::default()
-    }
-
-    pub fn formatted_traverse_3<F>(&self, storage: &impl NodeStorage<N>, formatter: F) -> String
-    where
-        F: Fn(&ProllyNode<N>, &str, bool) -> String,
-    {
-        fn traverse_node<const N: usize, S: NodeStorage<N>, F>(
-            node: &ProllyNode<N>,
-            storage: &S,
-            formatter: &F,
-            prefix: &str,
-            is_last: bool,
-            output: &mut String,
-        ) where
-            F: Fn(&ProllyNode<N>, &str, bool) -> String,
-        {
-            *output += &formatter(node, prefix, is_last);
+/// Trait for balancing nodes in the tree.
+/// This trait provides methods for splitting and merging nodes to maintain tree balance.
+trait Balanced<const N: usize> {
+    /// Balances the node by splitting or merging it as needed.
+    fn balance<S: NodeStorage<N>>(
+        &mut self,
+        storage: &mut S,
+        is_root_node: bool,
+        path_hashes: &[ValueDigest<N>],
+    );
 
-            let new_prefix = format!("{}{}", prefix, if is_last { "    " } else { "│   " });
-            let children = node.children(storage);
-            for (i, child) in children.iter().enumerate() {
-                traverse_node(
-                    child,
-                    storage,
-                    formatter,
-                    &new_prefix,
-                    i == children.len() - 1,
-                    output,
-                );
-            }
-        }
+    /// Gets the hash of the next sibling of the node.
+    fn get_next_sibling_hash<S: NodeStorage<N>>(
+        &self,
+        storage: &S,
+        path_hashes: &[ValueDigest<N>],
+    ) -> Option<Vec<u8>>;
 
-        let mut output = String::new();
-        traverse_node(self, storage, &formatter, "", true, &mut output);
-        output
-    }
+    /// Merges the node with its next sibling.
+    fn merge_with_next_sibling(&mut self, next_sibling: &mut ProllyNode<N>);
+}
 
+impl<const N: usize> Balanced<N> for ProllyNode<N> {
     /// Attempts to balance the node by merging the next (right) neighbor
     /// and then splitting it into smaller nodes if necessary.
     fn balance<S: NodeStorage<N>>(
@@ -338,6 +311,9 @@ impl<const N: usize> ProllyNode<N> {
         }
 
         // Use chunk_content to determine split points
+        if self.keys.len() < self.min_chunk_size {
+            return;
+        }
         let chunks = self.chunk_content();
         if chunks.len() <= 1 {
             // do not need to split the node
@@ -465,8 +441,62 @@ impl<const N: usize> ProllyNode<N> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<const N: usize> ProllyNode<N> {
+    pub fn init_root(key: Vec<u8>, value: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        ProllyNode {
+            keys: vec![key],
+            values: vec![value],
+            is_leaf: true,
+            level: INIT_LEVEL,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn builder() -> ProllyNodeBuilder<N> {
+        ProllyNodeBuilder::default()
+    }
+
+    pub fn formatted_traverse_3<F>(&self, storage: &impl NodeStorage<N>, formatter: F) -> String
+    where
+        F: Fn(&ProllyNode<N>, &str, bool) -> String,
+    {
+        fn traverse_node<const N: usize, S: NodeStorage<N>, F>(
+            node: &ProllyNode<N>,
+            storage: &S,
+            formatter: &F,
+            prefix: &str,
+            is_last: bool,
+            output: &mut String,
+        ) where
+            F: Fn(&ProllyNode<N>, &str, bool) -> String,
+        {
+            *output += &formatter(node, prefix, is_last);
+
+            let new_prefix = format!("{}{}", prefix, if is_last { "    " } else { "│   " });
+            let children = node.children(storage);
+            for (i, child) in children.iter().enumerate() {
+                traverse_node(
+                    child,
+                    storage,
+                    formatter,
+                    &new_prefix,
+                    i == children.len() - 1,
+                    output,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut output = String::new();
+        traverse_node(self, storage, &formatter, "", true, &mut output);
+        output
+    }
+}
+
 impl<const N: usize> NodeChunk for ProllyNode<N> {
     fn chunk_content(&self) -> Vec<(usize, usize)> {
+        if self.keys.len() < self.min_chunk_size {
+            return Vec::new();
+        }
         let mut chunks = Vec::new();
         let mut start = 0;
         let mut last_start = 0;
@@ -688,7 +718,7 @@ impl<const N: usize> Node<N> for ProllyNode<N> {
                 }
             } else {
                 // Handle the case when the child node is not found
-                println!("Child node not found: {:?}", child_hash);
+                println!("Child node not found: {child_hash:?}");
             }
 
             // Sort the keys and balance the node
@@ -815,7 +845,7 @@ impl<const N: usize> Node<N> for ProllyNode<N> {
                 true
             } else {
                 // Handle the case when the child node is not found
-                println!("Child node not found: {:?}", child_hash);
+                println!("Child node not found: {child_hash:?}");
                 false
             }
         }
@@ -869,7 +899,7 @@ impl<const N: usize> Node<N> for ProllyNode<N> {
                 .iter()
                 .map(|key| {
                     key.iter()
-                        .map(|byte| format!("{:0}", byte))
+                        .map(|byte| format!("{byte:0}"))
                         .collect::<Vec<String>>()
                         .join(" ")
                 })
@@ -886,16 +916,15 @@ impl<const N: usize> Node<N> for ProllyNode<N> {
                 )
             } else {
                 format!(
-                    "{}{}#({}\x1B[31m0x{:?}\x1B[0m)[{}]\n",
+                    "{}{}#({:?})[{}]\n",
                     prefix,
                     if is_last { "└── " } else { "├── " },
-                    "",
                     hash,
                     keys_str
                 )
             }
         });
-        println!("{}", output);
+        println!("{output}");
         println!("Note: #[keys] indicates internal node, [keys] indicates leaf node");
     }
 }
@@ -962,6 +991,7 @@ impl<const N: usize> ProllyNode<N> {
     /// * `storage` - The storage implementation to retrieve child nodes.
     /// * `formatter` - A closure that takes a reference to a node and returns a string representation of the node.
     ///
+    ///
     /// # Returns
     /// A string representation of the tree nodes in a breadth-first order.
     pub fn formatted_traverse<F>(&self, storage: &impl NodeStorage<N>, formatter: F) -> String
@@ -1471,4 +1501,43 @@ mod tests {
         // Print chunk content
         println!("{:?}", node.chunk_content());
     }
+
+    /// This test verifies the balancing of the tree after multiple insertions.
+    /// The test checks the tree structure and ensures that the root node is split correctly
+    /// and the keys are promoted to the parent node.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_balance_after_insertions() {
+        let mut storage = InMemoryNodeStorage::<32>::default();
+        let value_for_all = vec![100];
+
+        // Initialize the prolly tree with a small chunk size to trigger splits
+        let mut node: ProllyNode<32> = ProllyNode::builder()
+            .pattern(0b1)
+            .min_chunk_size(4)
+            .max_chunk_size(8)
+            .build();
+
+        // Insert key-value pairs to trigger a split
+        for i in 0..=10 {
+            node.insert(vec![i], value_for_all.clone(), &mut storage, Vec::new());
+            storage.insert_node(node.get_hash(), node.clone());
+        }
+
+        // After 11 insertions, the root should not be a leaf node
+        assert!(!node.is_leaf);
+
+        // Check that all keys can be found
+        for i in 0..=10 {
+            assert!(node.find(&[i], &storage).is_some());
+        }
+
+        // Insert one more key to trigger another split
+        node.insert(vec![11], value_for_all.clone(), &mut storage, Vec::new());
+        storage.insert_node(node.get_hash(), node.clone());
+
+        // Check that all keys can still be found
+        for i in 0..=11 {
+            assert!(node.find(&[i], &storage).is_some());
+        }
+    }
 }

src/proof.rs

@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ impl<const N: usize> fmt::Debug for Proof<N> {
                     .map(|digest| {
                         let bytes = digest.as_bytes();
                         if bytes.len() > 8 {
-                            format!("{:02x?}...", &bytes[..8])
+                            format!("{bytes:02x?}...")
                         } else {
-                            format!("{:02x?}", bytes)
+                            format!("{bytes:02x?}")
                         }
                     })
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ impl<const N: usize> fmt::Debug for Proof<N> {
                 &self.target_hash.as_ref().map(|digest| {
                     let bytes = digest.as_bytes();
                     if bytes.len() > 8 {
-                        format!("{:02x?}...", &bytes[..8])
+                        format!("{bytes:02x?}...")
                     } else {
-                        format!("{:02x?}", bytes)
+                        format!("{bytes:02x?}")
                     }
                 }),
             )

src/storage.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ limitations under the License.
 use crate::digest::ValueDigest;
 use crate::node::ProllyNode;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::fmt;
+use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter, LowerHex};
 use std::fs::{self, File};
 use std::io::{Read, Write};
 use std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -123,18 +123,27 @@ impl<const N: usize> FileNodeStorage<N> {
     }
 
     fn node_path(&self, hash: &ValueDigest<N>) -> PathBuf {
-        self.storage_dir.join(format!("{:x}", hash))
+        self.storage_dir.join(format!("{hash:x}"))
     }
 
     fn config_path(&self, key: &str) -> PathBuf {
-        self.storage_dir.join(format!("config_{}", key))
+        self.storage_dir.join(format!("config_{key}"))
     }
 }
 
-impl<const N: usize> fmt::LowerHex for ValueDigest<N> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        for byte in &self.0 {
-            write!(f, "{:02x}", byte)?;
+impl<const N: usize> Display for ValueDigest<N> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        for byte in self.0 {
+            write!(f, "{byte:02x}")?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<const N: usize> LowerHex for ValueDigest<N> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        for byte in self.0 {
+            write!(f, "{byte:02x}")?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }